Fig. 4: Spatiotemporal trends in global annual maximum streamflow from 1955 to 2024.
From: Global acceleration of compound flood risks through fluvial-tidal interactions in a warming climate
a Global distribution of the percentage change in mean annual maximum discharge, calculated as the relative difference between the recent period (1990–2024) and the historical baseline (1955–1990). Red shading indicates an increasing trend in flood peak magnitude (wetting), while blue shading denotes a decreasing trend (drying). The map highlights the spatial heterogeneity of hydrological shifts at the global scale. b Detailed spatial patterns of streamflow changes across 20 major river basins. The visualization reveals intra-basin variability in flood-generating processes. Yellow stars mark the locations of river estuaries, serving as the interface for the upstream-downstream coupling analysis.
