Fig. 2: Spin polarization in dilute magnetic semiconductor (DMS).

a Schematic representation of a DMS. A non-magnetic semiconductor is doped with magnetic ions, introducing localized spin-polarized states. The exchange interactions between these spins induce ferromagnetic ordering, transforming the material into a DMS with tunable magnetic properties. b Representation of spin-polarized carrier transport in a DMS device, spin splitting in the band structure leads to asymmetric spin population under low temperature.