Fig. 12: Performance of flexible GMR devices.

a Scanning electron microscope image of the Co/Cu multilayer grid GMR sensor and a schematic of its application in smartphones using electrical magnetoresistive tomography (EMRT)⁸⁵. Copyright 2025, Springer Nature with a Creative Commons CC-BY license. b Variation of the GMR curves under biaxial and uniaxial tensile strains. c Interactive writing of the letter 'H' using grid GMR sensor and a pen with a permanent magnet NdFeB. d Change in GMR curves of the spin valve on a PI substrate with varying bending angles⁸⁹. Copyright 2024, Springer Nature with a Creative Commons CC-BY license. e Variation of GMR curves of the spin valve on PDMS/PI rigid islands under omnidirectional tensile stress. Reproduced with permission¹⁵. Copyright 2025, American Chemical Society.