Fig. 1: Challenges and breakthroughs for large-area metasurface design.

Design and simulation of metasurfaces for high performance over large areas entail significant computational costs and bottleneck issues such as inadequate approximations. To address this challenge, there is a need for fast and accurate simulation methods. By leveraging these methods, it is possible to implement high-performance metasurfaces over large areas through appropriate inverse design methods for optimizing large complexity problems.