Fig. 1: Schematic representation of HMGB1 structure.
From: Scoping review of preclinical and clinical studies on the role of HMGB1 in heart disease
HMGB1 consists of two DNA-binding domains, Box A and Box B, followed by a C-terminal acidic tail. In the fully reduced form (frHMGB1), thiol groups are present at C23 and C45 in Box A, and at C106 in Box-B. Oxidation results in the formation of a disulfide bridge between the cysteines at C23 and C45, yielding disulfide HMGB1 (dsHMGB1). Created in BioRender. Mao, S-H. (2026) https://BioRender.com/ltw7v97.
