Fig. 2: Patch-type bioelectronics for wearable application.

a Photograph of a integrating the multiplexed sweat sensor array and the wireless FPCB wearable on a wrist. Reproduced with permission from ref. ⁸⁷. b Photograph of the ultrathin large area (9 × 9 cm²) pressure sensor nanofibre sheet integrated with a active-matrix organic transistors. Reproduced with permission from ref. ⁹⁰. c Schematic illustration of fully transparent ultrathin OECTs fabricated on parylene-C substrate. Reproduced with permission from ref. ⁹⁷. d Photograph of skin-compatible 4-terminal vertical Corbino OECT (vcOECT) under tensile strain from 200 –0% (top) and images of physiological monitoring of the skin-attached vcOECTs (bottom). Reproduced with permission from ref. ⁹⁸. e Schematic illustration of a multifunctional electronics with physical serpentine structured epidermal electronics (top) and photograph of pristine, compressed, stretched state of device on skin (bottom). Reproduced with permission from ref. ¹⁰⁸. f Optical images of a wavy, single-crystal Si ribbons after transferred on PDMS (top) and angled-view scanning electron micrograph (SEM) image Si ribbons (bottom). Reproduced with permission from ref. ¹⁰⁹. g Photograph and cross-sectional SEM image of nanomesh pressure sensor (top). Photograph of nanomesh sensor measuring the grip force and capacitance of sensor (bottom). Reproduced with permission from ref. ¹¹⁰. h Schematic illustration of the ultrathin EMG electrode module assembled through biphasic, nano-dispersed interface connections (top) and photograph of an 21channel EMG electrode array attached on human arm. Reproduced with permission from ref. ¹¹¹. i Photograph of the epidermal sweat sensing and demonstrating under the bending or stretching state. Reproduced with permission from ref. ¹¹². j Photograph of the stretchable multi-electrochemical sensor device under tensile strain and applied on the human wrist while excercising. Reproduced with permission from ref. ¹¹³. k Schematic illustration and photograph of liquid metal elastomer foam (LMEF) and capacitive sensor array demonstration. Reproduced with permission from ref. ¹¹⁶. l Schematic illustration and photograph of PVA-CA-MXene hydrogel attaching to very high bonding tape (VHB) tape for sensor monitoring the throat vibration. Reproduced with permission from ref. ¹²⁴. m Schematic illustration and photograph of autonomous recovery and principle of the self-healing process with magnetic alignment of Nd₂Fe₁₄B. Reproduced with permission from ref. ¹³¹. n Schematic illustration of an tough, hydrophobic self-healing polymer film with network structure and photograph of 5 × 5 pressure-sensing array before and after self-healing. Reproduced with permission from ref. ¹³². o Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of the self-healable stretchable electrode by embedding a conductive network into self-healing polymer matrix (left). Photograph of the light emitting capacitor self-healed after a day and multifunctional self-healable electronic skin. Reproduced with permission from ref. ¹³³.