Fig. 2: Intelligent toilet platforms and urine sample collection modules for continuous health monitoring.

a A perspective depiction of a toilet equipped with a device designed for continuous monitoring of human excreta baseline parameters⁹. This toilet system comprises several key components: A 10-parameter test-strip-based urinalysis with a retractable cartridge, computer-vision uroflowmetry featuring two high-speed cameras (the blue dashed lines indicate the field of view for each camera), stool classification accomplished through deep learning (the blue dashed lines denote the field of view of the defecation monitoring camera), measurement of defecation duration using a pressure sensor located beneath the toilet seat (the red arrow signifies the force detected by the pressure sensor), two biometric identification methods: an analprint scan (represented by the green box, utilizing a template-matching algorithm) and a fingerprint scanner integrated into the flush lever. b A design for utilizing toilets as continuous health screening platforms. (i) Seamless sample collector design that can be easily integrated into toilets to prevent cross contamination effects. (ii) Photograph of full experimental setup consisting of acrylic holder, phial turret, collector, flush water pump, sample pump, and peristaltic collector pump powered by a DC motor. (iii) An imaging box to block outside light while capturing an image of an inserted dipstick to quantify protein concentration. Tests for colorimetric detection methods are also conducted to prove accurate diagnostics. Reprinted from ref. ¹¹ under CCBY 4.0 license.