Fig. 3: Electrochemical and benchtop characterisation of CAMEO devices.

a Comparison of Au, SWCNT, and electrochemically activated SWCNT electrodes via cyclic voltammetry. Shaded error bands represent N = 3 electrodes. b Bode plots comparing Au, SWCNT, and electrochemically activated SWCNT electrodes via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Shaded error bands represent N = 3 electrodes. c Comparison of 2D cartwheels and 3D CAMEOs via cyclic voltammetry. Shaded error bands represent N = 3 replicates. d Bode plots comparing 2D cartwheels and 3D CAMEOs via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Shaded error bands represent N = 3 electrodes. e Benchtop validation of CAMEOs using a waveform generator to simulate neuronal action potential-like signals. Schematic created in BioRender. Mishra, N. (2026) https://BioRender.com/ycteceq. All data are presented as mean ± SD.