Fig. 5: Resource usage and travel time across salary and urgency.
From: Karma economies for sustainable urban mobility – a fair approach to public good value pricing
When optimally pricing the tunnel route with monetary mechanisms, individuals with higher incomes (salary class) experience significantly shorter travel times (c), as they can afford to access the faster route more often (a). When pricing with Karma mechanisms, access to the faster route and travel times are not related to the individuals' income. With regard to the urgency levels, it can be observed for both mechanisms that individuals with higher urgency experience shorter travel times (d). In monetary mechanisms, individuals of very high urgency levels (starting from level 6) almost all access the faster route (b), while in Karma mechanisms, this is not the case. (The figures are plotted at the optimum travel split for scenario 1).
