Fig. 1

Key actors and related processes in the context of long-distance passenger transport service market. The long-distance travel market is conceptualized as the place where on the one hand supply offered by air and land-bound—both rail and bus (coaches)—transport service providers and on the other hand demand—individual transport service users (i.e. travellers)—interact. The outcomes of the long-distance transport market depend on the interactions between service providers and travelers subject to the interventions made by policy makers.