Fig. 5: Partial Dependency Plot (PDP) analysis.

The figures present PDP analysis for marginal effects from platform screen door (PSD) on a PM2.5 and d PM10, outdoor PM10 on b PM2.5 and e PM10, and train arrival interval on c PM2.5 and f PM10. Half PSD leads to higher PM concentrations compared to full PSD. The PM concentrations also increase with higher outdoor PM levels and higher train arrival frequency.