Fig. 8: The combination of ‘push’ measures reducing public transport and active mode trip costs, and ‘pull’ measures penalising private vehicle trip costs are essential for the Increased Ambition scenario but generate modal exclusion.
From: Global trajectories for urban passenger transport decarbonisation: a policy-based modelling approach
a Comparison of the trip cost for public transport and active modes indicator expressed in average trip cost expressed in 2022 USD, in 2060, between scenarios, by world region. b Comparison of the trip cost for private vehicles indicator expressed in average trip cost expressed in 2022 USD, in 2060, between scenarios, by world region. c Comparison of the mode choice exclusion expressed in the average share of trips that are not affordable for all individuals in 2060, between scenarios, by world region. The dark blue bar represents the value for the Business-as-Usual scenario, the green bar represents the value for the Increased Ambition scenario. The world region are grouped: East and Northeast Asia (ENEA), Europe, the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand (Europe + UCAN), Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), rest of the world.
