Fig. 4: Heavy precipitation produces severe and spatially heterogeneous ridership declines across stations during peak hours. | npj Sustainable Mobility and Transport

Fig. 4: Heavy precipitation produces severe and spatially heterogeneous ridership declines across stations during peak hours.

From: Assessing subway ridership resilience under extreme weather with vine copula modeling

Fig. 4: Heavy precipitation produces severe and spatially heterogeneous ridership declines across stations during peak hours.

a Location of the 10 selected stations. b Distribution of percentage ridership change per station under heavy precipitation during peak hours; the red dashed line indicates zero percentage change. Median declines range from −7.81% at Grand Central to −28.87% at Columbus Circle, with several stations showing 97.5th percentile values above zero, reflecting diverse behavioral responses among peak-hour travelers. Map data ©2026 Google.

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