Fig. 8: Hourly ridership profiles differ markedly across stations, reflecting diverse catchment areas and travel purposes.
From: Assessing subway ridership resilience under extreme weather with vine copula modeling
Commercial hubs such as Fulton St peak in the afternoon, while residential-serving stations like Flushing-Main St peak earlier in the morning. Penn Station’s rush begins at 8 AM compared to Flushing-Main St’s 7 AM peak. These pronounced temporal and spatial heterogeneities underscore the necessity of hour-specific marginal modeling within the vine copula framework.
