Fig. 2: Additive manufacturing of composites with milled fibers or short fibers.

a Tensile strength as a function of fiber volume ratio for parts manufactured using conventional and additive manufacturing techniques (Image reproduced with permission from ref. ¹⁶, Copyright John Wiley and Sons). b Mechanical vibration-integrated anti-clogging DIW printhead enabling composite printing with up to 45% short carbon fiber content (Image reproduced with permission from ref. ²³, Copyright Elsevier). c 3D printing of short fiber composites using a frontal polymerization resin, which facilitates uniform matrix curing and supports free-standing composite printing without additional support materials (Image reproduced with permission from ref. ²⁴, Copyright American Chemical Society). d DLP printing utilizing ultrasound to align short fibers in specific directions and patterns within each printed layer (Image reproduced with permission from ref. ²⁷, Copyright Elsevier). e Electrically assisted DLP printing with graphene nanoplatelets aligned along the electric field direction (Image reproduced with permission from ref. ²⁸, Copyright Elsevier).