Fig. 9: Metallic TPMS lattice structures fabricated by L-PBF.

a SEM images of the external surface of 3D-printed TPMS lattices reveal excellent printing accuracy and surface quality, exhibiting minimal adherence of unmelted powder particles. The scale bar represents 500 um92. b Laser path optimized TPMS lattice structure94. c SEM images of the TPMS lattice structures by SLS95. d Graded metallic TPMS lattice structures fabrication96. e Comparison of preparation and design of metallic TPMS lattice structures97.