Table 2 Summary of optical-sensing methodologies.
From: Advancements in photoacoustic detection techniques for biomedical imaging
Acoustic detection methodology | Bandwidth | Application/imaging target | Key features | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Fabry-Perot interferometer | 39 and 22 MHz | Blood filled tubes of diameters ranging from 62 to 300 μm | Spatial resolutions of 38 μm (lateral) and 15 μm (vertical)  | Zhang et al.108 |
30 MHz | In-vivo human fingertip vessels | Mean FWHM of 300 μm 14 × 14 × 14-mm volume over 90 s | Plumb et al.109 | |
20 MHz | In-vivo mouse | Adaptive optics increases PA signal by 3.5 times. | Czuchnowski et al.110 | |
110 and 75 MHz | N/A | Total-internal-reflection mechanism | Jiang et al.111 | |
35 MHz | Ex-vivo mouse abdominal organs | Spatial resolutions of 70 μm (lateral) and 28 μm (vertical)  | Ansari et al.112 | |
Fiber Bragg grating sensor | N/A | In-vivo rectal inflammation Hb & sO2 monitoring | 125-μm sensor aperture size Spatial resolutions of 7.4 μm | Liang et al.116 |
200 MHz | In-vivo mouse ear | Spatial resolutions of 25 μm | Hazan et al.117 | |
160 MHz | Ex-vivo mouse ear | 10.1-μm sensor aperture size Spatial resolutions of 14 μm (lateral) and 8.5 μm (vertical)  | La et al.118 | |
10 MHz | In-vivo mouse ear, brain | Transparent microfiber loop | Ma et al.119 | |
Microring resonator (MRR) | 23 MHz | Ex-vivo mouse brain and in-vivo mouse ear and tadpole | Spatial resolutions of 114 μm (lateral) and 57 μm (axial)  Imaging depth of 8 mm | CzaplewskiDavid et al.121 |
166 and 100 MHz | In-vivo brain monitoring | A disposable US-sensing chronic cranial window by integrating a transparent MRR | Li et al.122 | |
Plano-concave resonator | 55 MHz | In-vivo mouse ear | Spatial resolutions of 94.2 μm (lateral) and 65.9 μm (axial)  | Guggenheim et al.123 |
20 MHz | Ex vivo swine esophagus | Spatial resolutions of 120 μm (lateral) and 45 μm (axial)  | Lewis-Thompson et al.124 | |
Remote sensing | N/A | In-vivo mouse ear | Real-time in-vivo oxygen saturation monitoring | Bell et al.127 |
Tumor cell cultures and excised tissue samples | Spatial resolutions of 0.7 μm | Nathaniel et al.128 | ||
Human breast tissue | Spatial resolutions of 1.2 μm | Abbasi et al.129 | ||
Human epidermal, pancreatic, and tonsil tissues | Spatial resolutions of 1.2 μm | Abbasi et al.130 | ||
Human breast, gastrointestinal, and tonsil tissues | Spatial resolutions of 1.2 μm (lateral) and 7.3 μm (axial)  | Abbasi et al.131 | ||
Human prostate tissue Fresh murine liver tissue | Rapid voice-coil stage scanning Spatial resolutions of <0.5 μm | Cikaluk et al.132 | ||
Mouse heart, kidney, and liver tissues Porcine bronchial tissue | Elastography utilizing photoacoustic remote sensing | Yuan et al.133 |
