Fig. 2: Pathological remodeling in AAA. | npj Biomedical Innovations

Fig. 2: Pathological remodeling in AAA.

From: Stem cell-based therapies for treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm: development, application, and future potential

Fig. 2

A The healthy aorta cell environment, with surrounding perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), compared to (B) the aortic aneurysm environment, characterized by thrombi, infiltration of inflammatory cells, ECM degradation, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic switching, apoptosis, excessive cytokine production, reactive oxygen species, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Reproduced with permission from Lu et al.11.

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