Fig. 5: Formation and control of human muscle activity.

a Four key components of muscle control: motor cortex, motor neurons, neuromuscular junctions, and muscle fibers, reprinted/adapted with permission from ref. ⁸⁸; b Monitoring muscle activation levels via sensing electrodes, reprinted/adapted with permission from ref. ⁹²; c Real-time measurement of muscle strength to enhance athletic performance and rehabilitation processes, reprinted/adapted with permission from ref. ⁹⁵; d Enhancing prosthetic control through surface electromyography (sEMG) sensors specifically designed for amputees, reprinted/adapted with permission from ref. ⁹².