Fig. 5: Examples of previously unidentified substance use-related stigmatizing language.
From: Detecting stigmatizing language in clinical notes with large language models for addiction care
These are examples of substance use-related stigmatizing language from clinical notes that were labeled originally as non-stigmatizing. These examples are isolated from false positives made by SFT and in-context approaches. These false positives were reviewed by an addiction care specialist (ESA) to determine whether the approaches were correct to label these phrases as stigmatizing. Of note, these examples are ones that were not present in the training set nor mentioned in the NIDA guidelines for substance use-related stigmatizing language. The segments in the middle are language identified by both approaches, while the flanking segments are those identified solely by the approach under which they appear. Abbreviations from the examples above: Intravenous Drug Abuse (IVDA), ethanol/alcohol (EtOH), h/o (history of), hx (history). Stigmatizing terms are surrounded by ‘*’.
