Table 4 Typical design and operation cases of integrated energy systems

Germany (EUREF-Campus)²⁸⁹

2023

5.5-ha urban quarter with over 150 enterprises

Electricity (solar, wind), heat (geothermal, waste heat), biomethane, cooling

Comprehensive smart energy management system for centralized and precise energy control

Chile (Aysén SMA)²⁹⁰

2023

Isolated regional electricity systems in the developing world

Electricity (diesel generation, hydro, wind), heat, hydrogen, firewood

Stochastic planning to capture uncertainty for decarbonization and environmental remediation

China (Muse-Ruili Industrial Park)²⁹¹

2023

A cross-border China–Myanmar industrial park with abundant renewable resources

Electricity (solar, wind, hydro), heat (geothermal, steam), cooling, gas

Steam Carnot battery designed to enhance electro-thermal complementarity and meet industrial energy needs

America (Arizona Community)²⁹²

2024

Smart district with renewable energy and carbon capture technology

Electricity (solar, wind), cooling, heat, gas

Integration of modular energy management, incorporating AI-based time-series prediction and autonomous scheduling

Netherlands (Leeuwarden)²⁹³

2025

Regional business and shopping park

Electricity (solar, wind), heat (waste heat), gas

Incorporating energy planning into urban development with a dedicated network of public and private stakeholders

Australia (Offshore Renewable Energy Zone)²⁹⁴

2025

Offshore energy systems for industrial, transportation, and residential usage

Electricity (solar, wind), hydrogen

Large-scale battery energy storage systems and smart power management strategy