Fig. 2: Bubble life cycle and acoustics.
a Nucleation, b growth, c necking, d departure, e coalescence, f collapse, g mutual interference, and h multi-bubble interactions. Arrows represent wave paths-red for primary generation, orange for secondary generation, green for transmitted, and dashed black for reflected components. Line thickness qualitatively indicates relative energy content in each path. Configurations depict liquid in contact with a heated solid surface, with acoustic signals propagating into surrounding media and toward sensors.
