Fig. 3: Experimental recommendations for decoding bubble acoustics.

a A generalized configuration for the experimental setup integrating Type I heater, a hydrophone, and an AE sensor for multiscale acoustic measurements, along with a microphone and an accelerometer for broadband signal capture. A high-speed camera, synchronized via a master trigger, enables simultaneous optical diagnostics. Data is collected through a standardized acquisition chain comprising preamplification, DAQ, and computer logging. Five interchangeable configurations replacing Type I heater with: b gas injection, c vapor injection, d single cavity, e multiple cavities, and f flow boiling. The figure also illustrates specific AE sensor placements for other heater types detailed in Fig. 1: g Type II configuration (rod-type heater) and h Type III configuration (block heater).