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Productive influenza infection can be improved by cooperation and this varies between viral strains and hosts. By quantifying the rates of reassortment and virus production using several methods, including single-cell sequencing, the authors find that isolates of the avian H9N2 influenza subtype are dependent on infections with a second virus, but only in mammalian cells and not in avian cells. These findings are supported by in vivo experiments in guinea pigs and quail. The authors find indications that this type of cooperation between influenza A viruses depends on the RNA polymerase subunit PA.
Isolation of phages associated with the gut commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron reveals a link between cell surface structures, including phase-variable capsular polysaccharides, lipoproteins and S-layer proteins, and susceptibility to phage infection.
Some cytosolic bacteria deform the plasma membrane to spread from cell to cell. Secretion of 25-hydroxy-cholesterol by macrophages has emerged as a protective response that depletes the cholesterol pool used by these bacteria to disseminate through epithelia.
A microbiome genome-wide association study using three large European cohorts identified several significant study-wide and genome-wide correlations between human genetic variants and microbial traits, and used Mendelian randomization to estimate causal relationships between microbial traits and disease.
This study describes the mechanisms of FOXO1-mediated repression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in HIV-1 latency. The authors propose a model where inhibition of FOXO1 activity promotes protein accumulation in the ER leading to ER stress signalling and calcium release, which mobilizes ATF4 and NFAT and activates HIV-1 transcription.
Using the proteome-wide pSILAC-AHA labelling approach, the authors resolve the host proteome spatiotemporal dynamics during macrophage infection with Salmonella enterica Typhimurium and reveal the active role of cathepsins in cell death via the non-canonical inflammasome.
In this Article, using a nutrient-limited, media-based compound screening, the authors discover that the old antibiotic rifabutin is highly active against extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.
In this Consensus Statement, the authors discuss the issue of naming uncultivated prokaryotic microorganisms, which currently do not have a formal nomenclature system due to a lack of type material or cultured representatives, and propose two recommendations including the recognition of DNA sequences as type material.
HIV-1 reverse transcription is found to be completed in the nucleus of the cell using an HIV-1 nuclear import kinetic assay that takes advantage of a nuclear import blockade method to monitor the kinetics of HIV-1 entry and infection.
This study provides new insights into the structure, assembly and dynamics of type I restriction–modification systems, and their inhibition by phage proteins.
Protease-enabled strand exchange to mediate assembly of type V pilus is confirmed using a combination of cryogenic electron microscopy and X-ray crystal structures.
Multi-omics reveals how metabolites produced by pioneer bacterial species might alter the neonatal gut environment to an anaerobic state much earlier than was previously thought during the first hours of life.
This study describes the development of prokaryotic expression profiling by tagging RNA in situ and sequencing (PETRI-seq)—a high-throughput prokaryotic scRNA-seq method capable of sequencing tens of thousands of cells in a single experiment.
