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The TIM (T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain) proteins are emerging as important regulators of immune responses. The recent identification of TIM-protein expression by antigen-presenting cells and new TIM-protein ligands is revealing new roles for these proteins.
Recent research on MALT1 (mucosa-associated-lymphoid-tissue lymphoma-translocation gene 1), a protein essential for nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, has uncovered new mechanisms by which MALT1 can orchestrate intracellular signalling events. Here, Margot Thome highlights recent progress which characterizes how the protease and scaffolding functions of MALT1 modulate T-cell activation.
The transcriptional repressor B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (BLIMP1) has a pivotal role in the terminal differentiation of antibody-secreting cells. In this Progress article, Stephen Nutt and colleagues highlight the most up-to-date findings about the role of BLIMP1 in the final stages of lymphocyte maturation.
Owing to recent advances in imaging technology, the behaviour of B cells in germinal centres can now be visualized in three dimensionsin vivo. What have we learnt from such studies and how might this change our understanding of antibody affinity maturation?
Recent studies have shown that the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 can be produced by T helper 1 cells. In this Progress article, Anne O'Garra and Paulo Vieira discuss the implications of these studies and the outstanding questions that they now raise.
