Articles in 2024

Neuromodulation has been used in the treatment of overactive bladder for almost 40 years. Several studies have confirmed its clinical effect. In this Review, existing evidence related to the mechanism of action of neuromodulation is synthesized.

The robot-assisted approach to radical prostatectomy has enabled same-day discharge. A substantial concern associated with this practice could be haemorrhage, but sound and thorough robot-assisted radical prostatectomy haemostasis surgical techniques that were introduced to prevent bleeding mitigate this phenomenon.

In March 2024, we convened a symposium to consider the state of the art regarding the mechanisms and management of congenital obstructive uropathy caused by bladder outlet obstruction, at which overarching themes emerged and opportunities for research were discussed to fill key knowledge gaps in achieving the best future for children with congenital obstructive uropathy.

Prostate cancer is often an indolent disease, and delays in treatment up to 6 months do not seem to affect cancer-free survival. Inadequate pre-treatment assessment and uninformed shared decision-making can lead to decision regret and disparities in receipt of treatments. Time is on our side to allocate sufficient time and resources to consider the most appropriate and individualized treatment decision in prostate cancer care.

Large language models are gaining increasing interest in the medical community; however, an important but overlooked aspect of their capacity is their ability to integrate with tools. This integration greatly extends their potential application in health care.

In some instances (<5%), non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer can progress to metastatic disease without any signs of bladder muscle or lympho-vascular invasion, a condition known as metastatic non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. In this Perspective, the authors present the available literature on metastatic non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, and discuss the potential aetiologies underlying this condition.

The circadian rhythm has a crucial role in regulating nocturia. In this Review, the authors discuss how the brain–kidney–bladder circadian axis can lead to nocturia, prompted by the rationale that understanding these disruptions can lead to developing effective treatments targeting circadian rhythms.

In this Review, the authors provide an overview of molecular imaging in renal cell carcinoma, discussing the role of molecular imaging approaches in renal cell carcinoma diagnosis, treatment and response monitoring.

A common germline missense-encoding polymorphism in HSD3B1, called the adrenal-permissive allele, facilitates androgen synthesis from adrenal precursors via increased 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (3βHSD1). Here, the authors focus on mechanistic and clinical investigations of 3βHSD1 and the clinical consequences and potential utility of detecting adrenal-permissive allele inheritance.