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Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Single-cell manipulation and processing techniques and improvements in mass spectrometry sensitivity make single-cell proteomic profiling feasible. This study presents a label-free approach for the characterisation of native N-glycans of single mammalian cells and ng-level blood isolates, demonstrating the potential to detect cell surface glycome changes at the single-cell level in health or disease.

Attosecond control of electrons in nanostructures requires resolving dynamics in the optical near field. Now, an experiment finds low-energy spectral stripes that track subcycle electron emission and allow the isolation of attosecond electron bursts.

The CMS Collaboration reports the measurement of the spin, parity, and charge conjugation properties of all-charm tetraquarks, exotic fleeting particles formed in proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.

Physical analysis of processes universal to raised peatlands produces an equation that explains their morphology and carbon storage across biomes, from Alaska to New Zealand.

The common description of strong-field light–matter interaction neglects the quantum-optical nature of the driving field. Now signatures of strong-field photoemission appear in electron energy spectra when driving with non-classical light.

The quark structure of the f₀(980) hadron is still unknown after 50 years of its discovery. Here, the CMS Collaboration reports a measurement of the elliptic flow of the f₀(980) state in proton-lead collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 8.16 TeV, providing strong evidence that the state is an ordinary meson.

Stepwise deuteration of protonated methane CH₅⁺ — a fluxional structure that undergoes ‘hydrogen scrambling’ — leads to dramatic changes in the infrared spectra of the isotopologues. The spectra can be assigned using ab initio quantum simulations that account for the non-classical occupation — by H and D atoms — of topologically different sites within the molecule.

Here the authors report the synthesis of defect-rich boron nitride by flux reconstruction method, which exhibited good reactivity for semihydrogenation of low concentration acetylene in ethylene-abundant gas stream.

Lateral heterojunctions between two-dimensional semiconductor crystals are essential building blocks for electronic devices. Here, the authors utilize electron-beam lithography and selective conversion to simultaneously fabricate arrays of molybdenum diselenide–molybdenum disulfide heterojunctions.

Photonic, electronic and lattice resonances in patterned semiconductor microcavities are tailored to demonstrate coherent bidirectional microwave-to-optical conversion via phonon-exciton-photon quasi-particles in the strong-coupling regime.

Symmetric multibranched donor-acceptor molecules are promising photoactive materials for diverse applications. Here the authors show that, in octupolar and quadrupolar dyes, excited-state symmetry breaking occurs efficiently in polar solvents only and results in a concentration of the excitation that may trigger fast photochemical reactions.

Flood management solutions are typically local and do not consider how the space–time connectivity of floods is exacerbated by built infrastructure. Through a case study of the 2014 flood in Southeast Michigan, which flooded where there was no rainfall, this Article examines key factors contributing to urban flooding and the implications of design choices on inundation.

Light pulses can control magnetism in a material, and the effective creation of magnetic oscillations leads to spintronic devices with higher efficiency. Here, the authors increase the efficiency of magnon excitation by using a material in which orbital angular momenta are not quenched.

The most up-to-date combination of results on the properties of the Higgs boson is reported, which indicate that its properties are consistent with the standard model predictions, within the precision achieved to date.

The CMS Collaboration reports evidence for off-shell Higgs boson contributions in the production of Z boson pairs, and measures the width of the Higgs boson, which is inversely related to its lifetime.

Using a continuous social foraging game, this study shows that human pairs adopt stable cooperative, competitive, or mixed strategies. A computational model predicts dyadic choices and links these strategies to interaction dynamics, payoffs, and cost of cooperation.

Terahertz radiation is used to directly probe magnetotransport in metallic multilayers on the timescale of electron momentum scattering—the fundamental conditions of Nevill Mott’s model of spin-dependent conduction in metals.

The CMS Collaboration reports the study of three simultaneous hard interactions between quarks and gluons in proton–proton collisions. This manifests through the concurrent production of three J/ψ mesons, which consist of a charm-quark–antiquark pair.

Fast discrimination of SARS-CoV-2 variants in clinical samples remains a challenge. Here, authors report on single molecule nanopore sensing combined with DNA molecular probes to simultaneously detect various antigens and RNA mutations of SARS-CoV-2 variants in patient samples.

Current methods to measure extracellular pH are often limited in resolution and response times. Here the authors present a label-free nanoprobe, consisting of a zwitterionic nanomembrane at the tip of a nanopipette, which enables high spatiotemporal resolution pH measurements and topography-pH 3D mapping in live cancer cells.

rG4s are G-quadruplex structures found in transcriptome. Many RNAs can fold into rG4s in vitro, yet their folding and functions in vivo are not well understood. Here the authors showed that rG4s folding is dynamically regulated under stress in human cells.

TRIM5α is an E3 ligase that inhibits retroviral replication. Here, the authors delineate the biochemical mechanism that accelerates N terminal autoubiquitylation of TRIM5α upon its association with the retroviral capsid and, thus, enables recognition of an infection-associated molecular pattern.

A nanotweezer system based on dielectrophoresis can trap, manipulate and extract biomolecules and organelles in living cells at physiological conditions with high spatiotemporal resolution and minimal invasiveness.

Generally, net O₂ consumption becomes dominant when photosynthesis is suppressed at night in green organisms. Here, Bag et al. show that Scots pine and Norway spruce needles display strong O₂ consumption when extremely low temperatures coincide with high solar irradiation during early spring.

Development of simple uranyl recognition motifs possessing siderophore-like binding strength and selectivity presents a challenge. Here the authors show a comprehensive theoretical and experimental study on uranyl binding with a polymeric adsorbent material decorated with a non-toxic siderophore inspired small molecule chelator.

Glycans can serve as disease biomarkers. Here, the authors use label-free capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for N-glycan profiling of minute sample amounts, resolving and characterizing previously undetected highly sialylated glycans and linkage isomers in a single analysis.

Computed tomography analysis of the braincase of the Early Devonian placoderm fish Kolymaspis sibirica suggests a skeletal gill support was involved in the origin of the shoulder girdle and provides new evidence reconciling historic theories about the evolution of paired fins.

Evergreen conifers rely on ‘sustained quenching’ to protect their photosynthetic machinery during long, cold winters. Here, Bag et al. show that direct energy transfer (spillover) from photosystem II to photosystem I triggered by loss of grana stacking in chloroplast is the major component of sustained quenching in Scots pine.

Stable chelation of the ¹⁴⁷Pm radionuclide in aqueous solution by the newly synthesized organic diglycolamide ligand is demonstrated and the resulting complex studied, showing accelerated shortening of bonds at the beginning of the lanthanide series.

SAMHD1 catalyses the dephosphorylation of deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) and has antiretroviral activity. Here, the authors present the crystal structures of SAMHD1-oligonucleotide complexes, which reveal that the allosteric binding sites of SAMHD1 are plastic and can fit oligonucleotides in place of the two allosteric activators GTP and dNTP, and they also show that SAMHD1 recognises GpsN phosphorothioation modifications in nucleic acids, which is of interest in drug design.

We develop an optical method that can set and read the state of electrons in the valley polarization of bulk transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors, with potential utility as digital storage at quantum coherent timescales and application in quantum computing.

Coronary artery calcium is an accurate predictor of cardiovascular events but this information is not routinely quantified. Here the authors show a robust and time-efficient deep learning system to automatically quantify coronary calcium on CT scans and predict cardiovascular events in a large, multicentre study.

Amidoxime-functionalized polymeric adsorbents are the most promising materials for harvesting uranium from seawater. Here the authors investigate the preferential extraction of vanadium over uranium by polyamidoximes by exploring the unusually strong and selective binding of vanadium.

Simulation and measurement of the photoionization of atomic hydrogen at attosecond resolution confirm that the tunnelling of the ejected electron is instantaneous.

Spectrally feldspathic lithologies, stratigraphically located in the lower crust above olivine-bearing material and below low-Ca pyroxene bearing rocks, are exposed in the Argyre impact basin and observed in data from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.

Whilst CuO possesses spontaneous electrical polarization induced by its magnetic order, no magnetoelectric control of one by the other has been observed. Here, the authors demonstrate modification of the electrical polarization of CuO by suppressing its magnetic helix via an applied magnetic field.

Electron spin polarization is experimentally detected and investigated via strong-field ionization of xenon atoms.