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Paranjpe, Jayaraman et al. profile the plasma proteome to identify markers of acute and long-term COVID-19-associated kidney dysfunction. They find that while both acute and long-term kidney dysfunction are associated with tubular dysfunction markers, the acute phase is also associated with markers of myocardial damage and hemodynamic disturbance.

Sexual dimorphism in genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia, systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren’s syndrome is linked to differential protein abundance from alleles of complement component 4.

A tyrosine tripeptide was discovered to unexpectedly form a supramolecular amorphous glassy material by constructing a non-specific hydrogen bonding network with structural water molecules.

Expansion microscopy, a technique for super-resolution imaging, is extended to clinical human tissue samples that are formalin fixed, paraffin embedded, stained and/or fresh frozen.

Spinal cord injury can induce synaptic reorganization and remodeling in the brain. Here the authors study how severed distal axons signal back to the cell body to induce hyperexcitability, loss of inhibition and enhanced presynaptic release through netrin-1.

LATS1 is reported to regulate the transition of luminal-basal-like cell plasticity in breast cancer. Here the authors report that LATS1 limits the progression of luminal breast cancer by associating with NCOR1 nuclear corepressor to repress ERα-downregulated genes in luminal cells.

The PI3K–PANK4 axis regulates coenzyme A synthesis, the abundance of acetyl-CoA, and CoA-dependent processes such as lipid metabolism, and these regulatory mechanisms coordinate cellular CoA supplies with the demands of hormone and growth-factor-driven or oncogene-driven metabolism and growth.

Geochronological data on hotspot volcanoes in eastern Australia are presented, which reveal a strong link between collision of the plateau with the Melanesian arc and motion of the Australian plate. The timing and brevity of this collisional event correlate well with offsets in hotspot seamount tracks in the Pacific, including the archetypal Hawaiian chain, and thus provide strong evidence that immense oceanic plateaus can contribute to initiating rapid change in plate boundaries and motions on a global scale.

This study assesses the capacity for sexual and asexual reproduction and the chronological life span across 1,011 genome-sequenced budding yeast isolates and shows the remarkable impact of domestication on budding yeast evolution.

Analysis of predicted loss-of-function variants from 125,748 human exomes and 15,708 whole genomes in the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) provides a roadmap for human ‘knockout’ studies and a guide for future research into disease biology and drug-target selection.

The authors analyse rare protein-coding genetic variants for association with 18,780 traits in the UK Biobank cohort.

Gates et al. show that histone butyrylation and propionylation in the intestinal epithelium are regulated by the gut microbiota and histone butyrylation is associated with gene regulatory programmes.

Single-cell transcriptional profiling of primary human synovial sarcoma tumors suggests that combinatorial treatment with HDAC and CDK4/CDK6 inhibitors could enhance tumor immunogenicity.

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is prone to developing resistance to treatment. Here, the authors use single-cell RNA-seq and an analysis of archetypes, and find that shifts in metabolism and proliferation are associated with the response to treatment and clonal heterogeneity in HGSOC.

Multi-modal profiling reveals major alterations in colonic B cells in patients with ulcerative colitis, including reduced clonal diversity of plasma cells, and suggests that circulating gut-homing plasmablasts could serve as a biomarker for disease activity.

Circulating cell-free DNA from patients is analyzed by ChIP-seq to reconstruct gene expression in human organs and tumors.

Diatoms are less susceptible to viral infection in iron-limited oceans, according to metatranscriptomic analyses of diatoms and viruses in nutrient-replete and limited regions.

An artificial intelligence system that can engage in a competitive debate with humans is presented.

The extent, origins and consequences of genetic variation within human cell lines are studied, providing a framework for researchers to measure such variation in efforts to support maximally reproducible cancer research.

Genome-wide association meta-analyses among 1.4 million individuals identify 318 new risk loci for type 2 diabetes and provide insight into the contribution of these risk variants to diabetes-related vascular outcomes.

PTSD has been associated with DNA methylation of specific loci in the genome, but studies have been limited by small sample sizes. Here, the authors perform a meta-analysis of DNA methylation data from 10 different cohorts and identify CpGs in AHRR that are associated with PTSD.

Neoadjuvant pembrolizumab promotes a survival benefit with intratumoral and systemic immune responses in patients with recurrent glioblastoma.

As phase 1 of the Earth Microbiome Project, analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA sequences from more than 27,000 environmental samples delivers a global picture of the basic structure and drivers of microbial distribution.

Catalysis of simple organic carbon molecules into complex macromolecules by Fe and Mn may play a fundamental role in organic carbon preservation, to a degree that could substantially affect the Earth’s carbon and oxygen cycles.

Snijder and colleagues use ex vivo pharmacoscopy and bone marrow composition profiling in a cohort of patients with multiple myeloma to identify tailored therapeutic sensitivities and stratify the cohort into three microenvironmental PhenoGroups.

A study of the duplicated genes in Paramecium tetraurelia suggests that after whole-genome duplication events, many duplicated genes are not able to immediately functionally diverge, because dosage constraints act on them. These dosage constraints also prevent loss of many duplicated genes after whole genome duplications.

Past volcanic eruptions along the densely populated Ethiopian Rift valley remain poorly constrained despite the present day hazard. Hutchison et al. show that a large volcanic flare up along a 200 km section of the rift occurred between 320–170 ka dramatically affecting the landscape and hominin population.

SEAMLESSM4T is a single machine translation tool that supports speech-to-speech translation, speech-to-text translation, text-to-speech translation, text-to-text translation and automatic speech recognition between up to 100 languages.

This study finds that mice's biological clocks are permanently influenced by the seasonal photoperiod at and after birth. In mice raised under summer-like light periods, rhythmic gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus was tightly correlated with lights-off under both summer- and winter-like cycles. In 'winter-born' mice, these rhythms were tightly correlated only under winter-like light cycles.

Relatives of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have an unexpectedly high incidence of schizophrenia. Here, the authors show a genetic link between the two conditions, suggesting shared neurobiological mechanisms.

Schizophrenia is a highly heritable genetic disorder, however, identification of specific genetic risk variants has proven difficult because of its complex polygenic nature—a large multi-stage genome-wide association study identifies 128 independent associations in over 100 loci (83 of which are new); key findings include identification of genes involved in glutamergic neurotransmission and support for a link between the immune system and schizophrenia.

The ATLAS Collaboration reports the observation of the electroweak production of two jets and a Z-boson pair. This process is related to vector-boson scattering and allows the nature of electroweak symmetry breaking to be probed.

This study reveals that dopamine is necessary for devaluing sensory memories of reward and thus plays a more complex role in reinforcement learning than traditionally considered.