Nature Search

A benchmark of expert-level academic questions to assess AI capabilities

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Long Phan
Alice Gatti
Davide Scaramuzza
ResearchOpen Access28 Jan 2026
Nature

Volume: 649, P: 1139-1146
Mesozoic ophiolite and blue amphibole on Timor and the dispersal of eastern Gondwanaland

Michael M. Earle
Research22 Nov 1979
Nature

Volume: 282, P: 375-378
M₁, a Subdivision of the Human Blood-Group Antigen M

J. A. JACK
PATRICIA TIPPETT
R. R. RACE
Research21 May 1960
Nature

Volume: 186, P: 642
GWAS and meta-analysis identifies 49 genetic variants underlying critical COVID-19

An analysis of 24,202 critical cases of COVID-19 identifies potentially druggable targets in inflammatory signalling (JAK1), monocyte–macrophage activation and endothelial permeability (PDE4A), immunometabolism (SLC2A5 and AK5), and host factors required for viral entry and replication (TMPRSS2 and RAB2A).

Erola Pairo-Castineira
Konrad Rawlik
J. Kenneth Baillie
ResearchOpen Access17 May 2023
Nature

Volume: 617, P: 764-768
Hybrid immunity in older adults is associated with reduced SARS-CoV-2 infections following BNT162b2 COVID-19 immunisation

Pallett, Heskin et al. monitor longitudinal response in older adults following vaccination with the BNT162b2 COVID-19 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccination. Hybrid immunity is associated with higher antibody titres, neutralisation and inhibition capacity.

Scott J. C. Pallett
Joseph Heskin
Luke S. P. Moore
ResearchOpen Access16 Jun 2023
Communications Medicine

Volume: 3, P: 1-9
Effect of X-rays on the Electrical Conductance of Phospholipid Bilayer Membranes

A. M. SUTTON
D. ROSEN
Research01 Jul 1968
Nature

Volume: 219, P: 153-154
Clonal tracing with somatic epimutations reveals dynamics of blood ageing

The discovery that DNA methylation of different CpG sites can serve as digital barcodes of clonal identity led to the development of EPI-Clone, an algorithm that enables single-cell lineage tracing through cellular differentiation at scale.

Michael Scherer
Indranil Singh
Lars Velten
ResearchOpen Access21 May 2025
Nature

Volume: 643, P: 478-487
Mapping the human genetic architecture of COVID-19

A global network of researchers was formed to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity; this paper reports 13 genome-wide significant loci and potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection.

Mari E. K. Niemi
Juha Karjalainen
Chloe Donohue
ResearchOpen Access08 Jul 2021
Nature

Volume: 600, P: 472-477
Heterologous two-dose Ebola vaccine regimen in pregnant women in Rwanda: a randomized controlled phase 3 trial

In this phase 3 trial, a two-dose Ebola vaccine regimen in healthy pregnant women in Rwanda was found to be safe and immunogenic in women and offspring through passive transfer.

Julien Nyombayire
Rosine Ingabire
Etienne Karita
ResearchOpen Access08 Sept 2025
Nature Medicine

Volume: 31, P: 3899-3906
The trans-ancestral genomic architecture of glycemic traits

A trans-ancestry meta-analysis of GWAS of glycemic traits in up to 281,416 individuals identifies 99 novel loci, of which one quarter was found due to the multi-ancestry approach, which also improves fine-mapping of credible variant sets.

Ji Chen
Cassandra N. Spracklen
Cornelia van Duijn
Research31 May 2021
Nature Genetics

Volume: 53, P: 840-860
Whole-genome sequencing of a sporadic primary immunodeficiency cohort

Whole-genome sequencing analysis of individuals with primary immunodeficiency identifies new candidate disease-associated genes and shows how the interplay between genetic variants can explain the variable penetrance and complexity of the disease.

James E. D. Thaventhiran
Hana Lango Allen
Kenneth G. C. Smith
Research06 May 2020
Nature

Volume: 583, P: 90-95
Whole-genome sequencing reveals host factors underlying critical COVID-19

Whole-genome sequencing, transcriptome-wide association and fine-mapping analyses in over 7,000 individuals with critical COVID-19 are used to identify 16 independent variants that are associated with severe illness in COVID-19.

Athanasios Kousathanas
Erola Pairo-Castineira
J. Kenneth Baillie
ResearchOpen Access07 Mar 2022
Nature

Volume: 607, P: 97-103
The influence of recent and future climate change on spring Arctic cyclones

Rapid warming and Arctic sea ice melt will drive intensification of regional storms, increasing wind speeds and precipitation. Increasingly extreme storms exacerbate climate change effects and damage to local ecosystems, communities, and industries.

Chelsea L. Parker
Priscilla A. Mooney
Linette N. Boisvert
ResearchOpen Access09 Nov 2022
Nature Communications

Volume: 13, P: 1-14
Adipose tissue eQTL meta-analysis highlights the contribution of allelic heterogeneity to gene expression regulation and cardiometabolic traits

This study introduces AdipoExpress, an eQTL meta-analysis of 2,344 subcutaneous adipose tissue samples, which triples the size of previous studies and expands the discovery of eQTLs colocalized with GWAS signals for cardiometabolic traits.

Sarah M. Brotman
Julia S. El-Sayed Moustafa
Laura J. Scott
Research02 Jan 2025
Nature Genetics

Volume: 57, P: 180-192
Weather and climate extremes in a changing Arctic

Rare and extreme climate events have increasingly occurred in the Arctic since ~2000. This Review outlines the observed and projected changes in atmospheric, oceanic and cryospheric extremes and explains their increasing occurrence through a ‘pushing and triggering’ framework.

Xiangdong Zhang
Timo Vihma
Minghong Zhang
Reviews21 Oct 2025
Nature Reviews Earth & Environment

Volume: 6, P: 691-711
A second update on mapping the human genetic architecture of COVID-19

Masahiro Kanai
Shea J. Andrews
Matthew Solomonson
ResearchOpen Access06 Sept 2023
Nature

Volume: 621, P: E7-E26
Summer snow on Arctic sea ice modulated by the Arctic Oscillation

Summer snow accumulation and its albedo effect on Arctic sea ice are controlled by the Arctic Oscillation atmospheric circulation pattern, according to a combined modelling and remote sensing analysis.

Melinda A. Webster
Aku Riihelä
Linette Boisvert
ResearchOpen Access06 Sept 2024
Nature Geoscience

Volume: 17, P: 995-1002
GWAS of serum ALT and AST reveals an association of SLC30A10 Thr95Ile with hypermanganesemia symptoms

Circulating liver enzymes, like alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), are highly heritable and predictive of disease. Here, the authors perform a genome-wide association study on ALT and AST, revealing a rare variant in SLC30A10 associated with elevated ALT and AST.

Lucas D. Ward
Ho-Chou Tu
Paul Nioi
ResearchOpen Access27 Jul 2021
Nature Communications

Volume: 12, P: 1-14
Author Correction: GWAS and meta-analysis identifies 49 genetic variants underlying critical COVID-19

Erola Pairo-Castineira
Konrad Rawlik
J. Kenneth Baillie
Amendments and CorrectionsOpen Access11 Jul 2023
Nature

Volume: 619, P: E61
An ALYREF-MYCN coactivator complex drives neuroblastoma tumorigenesis through effects on USP3 and MYCN stability

Neuroblastoma (NB) is often driven by MYCN amplification. Here, the authors show that the most frequent genetic lesion, gain of 17q21-ter in NB leads to overexpression of ALYREF, which forms a complex with MYCN, regulating MYCN stability via the deubiquitinating enzyme, USP3.

Zsuzsanna Nagy
Janith A. Seneviratne
Glenn M. Marshall
ResearchOpen Access25 Mar 2021
Nature Communications

Volume: 12, P: 1-20
Genetic mechanisms of critical illness in COVID-19

A genome-wide association study of critically ill patients with COVID-19 identifies genetic signals that relate to important host antiviral defence mechanisms and mediators of inflammatory organ damage that may be targeted by repurposing drug treatments.

Erola Pairo-Castineira
Sara Clohisey
J. Kenneth Baillie
Research11 Dec 2020
Nature

Volume: 591, P: 92-98
CAR T cells with dual targeting of CD19 and CD22 in adult patients with recurrent or refractory B cell malignancies: a phase 1 trial

Bispecific CAR T cells targeting CD19 and CD22 exhibit clinical activity and low toxicity in patients with large B cell lymphoma and B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, with relapses associated with loss of CD19 but not CD22.

Jay Y. Spiegel
Shabnum Patel
David B. Miklos
ResearchOpen Access26 Jul 2021
Nature Medicine

Volume: 27, P: 1419-1431
Publisher Correction: Whole-genome sequencing of a sporadic primary immunodeficiency cohort

James E. D. Thaventhiran
Hana Lango Allen
Kenneth G. C. Smith
Amendments and Corrections17 Jul 2020
Nature

Volume: 584, P: E2
Letter

E A Barnes
A Reynolds
M B R Mathalone
Correspondence01 Sept 1996
Eye

Volume: 10, P: 648
Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog

Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
Claire M Wade
Eric S. Lander
Research08 Dec 2005
Nature

Volume: 438, P: 803-819
Intrinsic CD4⁺ T cell sensitivity and response to a pathogen are set and sustained by avidity for thymic and peripheral complexes of self peptide and MHC

Interactions of the TCR with self peptide–MHC are crucial to T cell development. Allen and colleagues show that the strength of such interactions also determines the intrinsic T cell functionality and responses to pathogens.

Stephen P Persaud
Chelsea R Parker
Paul M Allen
Research02 Feb 2014
Nature Immunology

Volume: 15, P: 266-274
Variants and vaccines impact nasal immunity over three waves of SARS-CoV-2

Ordovas-Montanes and colleagues describe the composition of the nasal cellular ecosystem and signatures of disease severity in vaccinated and unvaccinated adults during infection with the ancestral, Delta and Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2.

Jaclyn M. L. Walsh
Vincent N. Miao
Jose Ordovas-Montanes
Research20 Jan 2025
Nature Immunology

Volume: 26, P: 294-307
Does HIV adversely influence the outcome in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer in the era of HAART?

T Powles
C Thirwell
M Bower
ResearchOpen Access29 Jul 2003
British Journal of Cancer

Volume: 89, P: 457-459
Outcome of patients with HIV-related germ cell tumours: a case–control study

T Powles
M Bower
T Oliver
ResearchOpen Access30 Mar 2004
British Journal of Cancer

Volume: 90, P: 1526-1530
Genome-wide association and linkage identify modifier loci of lung disease severity in cystic fibrosis at 11p13 and 20q13.2

Garry Cutting and colleagues report a genome-wide association and linkage study for loci that affect lung disease severity in cystic fibrosis. They identify two loci that influence lung function in individuals with cystic fibrosis.

Fred A Wright
Lisa J Strug
Garry R Cutting
Research22 May 2011
Nature Genetics

Volume: 43, P: 539-546
Large-scale phenotyping of patients with long COVID post-hospitalization reveals mechanistic subtypes of disease

Openshaw and colleagues find myeloid inflammation and complement activation signatures in patients with long COVID who were previously hospitalized.

Felicity Liew
Claudia Efstathiou
J. Eunice Zhang
ResearchOpen Access08 Apr 2024
Nature Immunology

Volume: 25, P: 607-621
Antitumour activity of abiraterone and diethylstilboestrol when administered sequentially to men with castration-resistant prostate cancer

A Omlin
C J Pezaro
G Attard
ResearchOpen Access08 Aug 2013
British Journal of Cancer

Volume: 109, P: 1079-1084
Short-term high-fat diet impacts bone material properties and metabolism for adult and aged C57BL/6JN mice

Short-term moderate high fat diet and aging both decrease bone fracture toughness but differently impact bone tissue properties and metabolism. The impacts of aging and high fat diet on bone fracture resistance also depend on sex.

Kenna Brown
Ghazal Vahidi
Chelsea M. Heveran
ResearchOpen Access03 Jun 2025
Communications Biology

Volume: 8, P: 1-19
Acute gut inflammation reduces neural activity and spine maturity in hippocampus but not basolateral amygdala

Chelsea E. Matisz
Nadia Semenoff
Aaron J. Gruber
ResearchOpen Access23 Nov 2022
Scientific Reports

Volume: 12, P: 1-11
Strengthening biopolymer adhesives through ureolysis-induced calcium carbonate precipitation

Sobia Anjum
Kendall Parks
Robin Gerlach
ResearchOpen Access27 Jan 2025
Scientific Reports

Volume: 15, P: 1-11
Accelerating development of high-risk neuroblastoma patient-derived xenograft models for preclinical testing and personalised therapy

Alvin Kamili
Andrew J. Gifford
Jamie I. Fletcher
ResearchOpen Access10 Jan 2020
British Journal of Cancer

Volume: 122, P: 680-691
Golgi-localized Ring Finger Protein 121 is necessary for MYCN-driven neuroblastoma tumorigenesis

A chemical mutagenesis screen identifies RNF121 as an oncogenic cofactor for MYCN in neuroblastoma.

Belamy B. Cheung
Ritu Mittra
Glenn M. Marshall
ResearchOpen Access14 Oct 2024
Communications Biology

Volume: 7, P: 1-13
Cancer biology as revealed by the research autopsy

The research autopsy is an underused approach to investigate fundamental questions in cancer biology. This Review discusses the rationale for using research autopsies in cancer research, highlighting how this approach has improved knowledge of cancer biology and its tremendous potential to inform future precision medicine strategies.

Christine A. Iacobuzio-Donahue
Chelsea Michael
Travis J. Hollman
Reviews13 Sept 2019
Nature Reviews Cancer

Volume: 19, P: 686-697
Equity and timeliness as factors in the effectiveness of an ethical prenatal sequencing service: reflections from parents and professionals

Michelle Peter
Melissa Hill
Michael Parker
ResearchOpen Access03 Oct 2024
European Journal of Human Genetics

Volume: 33, P: 360-367
A novel combination therapy targeting ubiquitin-specific protease 5 in MYCN-driven neuroblastoma

Belamy B. Cheung
Ane Kleynhans
Glenn M. Marshall
ResearchOpen Access03 Mar 2021
Oncogene

Volume: 40, P: 2367-2381
Longitudinal study of care needs and behavioural changes in people living with dementia using in-home assessment data

Walsh et al. examine how dementia impacts daily life and well-being over three years by tracking changes in behaviour, memory, and daily activities, for people with dementia and their carers. They find that as cognitive decline progresses, daily challenges increase, affecting carer stress and the use of community services.

Chloe Walsh
Alexander Capstick
Payam Barnaghi
ResearchOpen Access10 Jan 2025
Communications Medicine

Volume: 5, P: 1-13
Outcomes of autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in patients with relapsed/refractory HIV-associated lymphoma

R Ramaswami
A Dalla Pria
M Bower
Correspondence05 Sept 2016
Bone Marrow Transplantation

Volume: 51, P: 1609-1611
Database of daily Lagrangian Arctic sea ice parcel drift tracks with coincident ice and atmospheric conditions

Sean Horvath
Linette Boisvert
J. Scott Stewart
ResearchOpen Access04 Feb 2023
Scientific Data

Volume: 10, P: 1-16
Evidence of sequestration of triclabendazole and associated metabolites by extracellular vesicles of Fasciola hepatica

Chelsea N. Davis
Ana Winters
Russell M. Morphew
ResearchOpen Access10 Aug 2020
Scientific Reports

Volume: 10, P: 1-11
Telomerecat: A ploidy-agnostic method for estimating telomere length from whole genome sequencing data

James H. R. Farmery
Mike L. Smith
Andy G. Lynch
ResearchOpen Access22 Jan 2018
Scientific Reports

Volume: 8, P: 1-17
RNAi screening of the human colorectal cancer genome identifies multifunctional tumor suppressors regulating epithelial cell invasion

Peter Ly
Ugur Eskiocak
Jerry W Shay
Correspondence09 Oct 2012
Cell Research

Volume: 22, P: 1605-1608
Reply: ‘Comment on Anti-tumour activity of abiraterone and diethylstilboestrol when administered sequentially to men with castration-resistant prostate cancer’

A Omlin
C J Pezaro
G Attard
CorrespondenceOpen Access03 Dec 2013
British Journal of Cancer

Volume: 110, P: 267-268
Publisher Correction: Telomerecat: A ploidy-agnostic method for estimating telomere length from whole genome sequencing data

James H. R. Farmery
Mike L. Smith
Andy G. Lynch
Amendments and CorrectionsOpen Access03 Sept 2018
Scientific Reports

Volume: 8, P: 1-4

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