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An integrated methodology that includes climate, crop, economic and life cycle assessment models was developed to explore the climate adaptation and mitigation opportunities throughout the US potato and tomato supply chains. This study shows that supply chains for two popular processed products in the United States, French fries and pasta sauce, will be remarkably resilient, through planting adaptation strategies.

Chronic antiretroviral therapy does not eradicate HIV infection. Here, the authors describe a potentially one-shot alternative by engineering B cells to express anti-HIV antibodies and undergo memory retention, isotype switching and clonal expansion

The human genome still contains numerous uncharacterized genes. Here, the authors identify a fast evolving Factor associated with Metabolism and Energy (FAME) that is associated with altered body weight, energy expenditure, and metabolism and study its function in knockout mouse models.

Kilpatrick et al. investigate the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage, trans-fatty acid intake, body mass index, stress and cortical microstructure. Results suggest obesogenic aspects of neighborhood disadvantage could disrupt information processing flexibility in regions involved in reward, emotion regulation and cognition.

The Neuro-stack is a wearable platform for recording from single neurons in freely moving humans. It also allows for personalized stimulation during real-time decoding of neural activity.

Seeber et al. studied brain recordings from implanted electrodes in freely moving humans. Neural dynamics encoded actual and imagined routes similarly, demonstrating parallels between navigational, imaginative and mnemonic abilities in the human brain.

Here the authors show in freely moving human participants that deep brain oscillations in the medial temporal lobe flexibly encode both memory and spatial information, depending on the current cognitive task demands.

Infant gliomas behave differently to their childhood or adult counterparts. Here, the authors perform a large-scale genetic analysis of these tumours, revealing genetic alterations which may offer therapeutic opportunities.

de Souza et al. examine whether visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and hepatic fat (HF) are related to carotid atherosclerosis beyond traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Findings reveal that higher VAT and HF are linked to cardiovascular risks such as hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol, as well as increased carotid atherosclerosis.

Older adults can be affected by multiple chronic medical conditions, including liver disease. This Review provides a comprehensive overview of age-related pathophysiological changes in the liver and discusses interventions and treatment options for older patients.

Optimizing approach-avoidance behavior calls for neural encoding of related motivation outcomes. Here, the authors show that behavioral choice under conflict relies on differential neuronal firing patterns after punishment, in which mPFC neurons decode the outcome’s value and MTL neurons follow by reducing subsequent approach.

B cells are engineered in vivo to secrete anti-HIV antibodies

Antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum glutamic-acid-rich protein (PfGARP), an antigen expressed on the surface of infected red blood cells, kill P. falciparum parasites by inducing programmed cell death and reduce the risk of severe malaria.

The next step after sequencing a genome is to figure out how the cell actually uses it as an instruction manual. A large international consortium has examined 1% of the genome for what part is transcribed, where proteins are bound, what the chromatin structure looks like, and how the sequence compares to that of other organisms.

A virtual process game to benchmark the performance of humans and computers for the fabrication of semiconductors leads to a strategy combining human expert design with optimization algorithms to improve semiconductor process development.

Any worthwhile guideline must be evidence-based, or should it? Evidence for the construction of guidelines often comes from clinical trials that are performed in the West according to the priorities and goals of that population and those of the pharmaceutical industry whose resources are relied upon to perform such trials. This Viewpoint article discusses the development of guidelines using an evidence-based approach and whether this approach is applicable worldwide.

Clinical Guidelines are primarily developed in the affluent West. This Viewpoint article discusses whether these guidelines are really useful and relevant to resource-poor, developing countries, and whether attempts to adhere to such guidelines obscure more fundamental issues such as the provision of basic health care. The authors argue that if guidelines are adapted to local resources and needs, and employ a 'cascade' approach they can work.

Evidence-based guidelines from wealthy countries define optimum goals for resource-constrained countries. This Viewpoint article discusses how health-care policy in developing countries can only be influenced through local involvement in the construction and implementation of guidelines. The authors also discuss the potential yet controversial role of the biomedical industry in facilitating the development and dissemination of global guidelines.

Biomaterials have a crucial role in the development of future foods, particularly in cellular agriculture and plant-based systems. This Review addresses the current status and future requirements of biomaterials for future foods, addressing key aspects such as structure, nutrition, safety, sensory attributes, sustainability and consumer preferences.

Chlorine radicals function as a strong atmospheric oxidant, particularly in polar regions, where levels of hydroxyl radicals are low. Measurements in the Arctic reveal high levels of molecular chlorine during the day, consistent with a photochemical source.

Thomas Wiesner and colleagues report that germline mutations in BAP1 predispose to melanocytic tumors ranging histopathologically from epithelioid nevi to atypical melanocytic proliferations. Some BAP1 mutation carriers also developed uveal or cutaneous melanomas.

Adult forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are of a polygenic nature, but paediatric and very early onset (VEO) IBD also occur as monogenic forms. Here, using whole exome sequencing, the authors explore both the monogenic and polygenic contribution to VEO-IBD and characterize a rare somatic mosaic VEO-IBD patient.

A class of enzymes known as alkyltransferase-like proteins (ATLs) can protect against alkylation damage to DNA. To gain insight into how this occurs, the structure of a yeast ATL has been solved in the presence and absence of damaged DNA, revealing that ATL flips the alkylated base out of the DNA helix, leaving the lesion to be acted on by proteins of the nucleotide excision repair pathway.

In real-world spatial navigation and observation tasks, oscillatory activity in the human brain encodes representations of self and others, with oscillatory power increasing at locations near the boundaries of the room.

Grid cell activity in the rodent and non-human primate entorhinal cortex is thought to provide spatial location information to the hippocampus for navigation and spatial processing. Here, Jacobs et al. examined single neuron spiking activities from human subjects performing a virtual spatial navigation task and show the presence of grid-like firing activity.

Neurons in the medial temporal lobe change their firing patterns as people learn to pair items together, yet it is unclear if this pairing lasts. Here, authors find that single medial temporal lobe neurons in humans tend to respond similarly to items that are closely conceptually related.

Since the discovery of rapid eye movements (REMs), a critical question endures as to whether they represent time points at which visual-like processing is updated. Here the authors demonstrate that cortical activity during sleep REMs shares many properties with that observed during saccades and vision.