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Neutrophils infiltrate glioblastomas with the capacity to engage pro/anti tumoural responses. Here the authors developed proteomic workflows to stratify neutrophil heterogeneity by function. This work provides a platform to study neutrophil proteomes with single cell resolution in glioblastoma.

A generative artificial intelligence-powered method enables de novo design of highly active enzymes based on information about the geometry of residues in the active site, without requiring protein backbone or sequence information.

The timing of respiratory syncytial virus seasonal epidemic peaks in Japan shifted in 2016-17. Here, the authors use mathematical modelling to evaluate the hypothesis that this change in timing may be due to an increase in use of childcare facilities following a policy change

Variants in the PSMC5 gene impair proteasome function and cellular homeostasis, altering brain development in children. This study reveals underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to this neurodevelopmental phenotype, and suggests therapeutic leads for neurodevelopmental proteasomopathies.

Eggplants are important vegetables worldwide. Here, the authors report 40 genome assemblies of Solanum melongena, its progenitor S. insanum and the allied species S. incanum to construct two pangenomes, and identify loci associated with multiple traits via pangenome-wide association analysis.

An analysis of 24,202 critical cases of COVID-19 identifies potentially druggable targets in inflammatory signalling (JAK1), monocyte–macrophage activation and endothelial permeability (PDE4A), immunometabolism (SLC2A5 and AK5), and host factors required for viral entry and replication (TMPRSS2 and RAB2A).

In this Review the authors integrate the latest evidence on predictive processing alterations across the continuum of psychosis and discuss its potential applications as a biomarker and in therapeutic interventions.

Here the authors perform a trans expression quantitative trait locus meta-analysis study of over 3,700 people and link a USP18 variant to expression of 50 inflammation genes and lupus risk, highlighting how genetic regulation of immune responses drives autoimmune disease and informs new therapies.

Bond et al. show that inducible PolG mutation in muscle causes mtDNA damage and muscle wasting. This is driven by the integrated stress response (ISR) and reduction in folate intermediates, linking impaired folate metabolism with ISR/disease induction.

SERS nanosensors use tailored molecular receptors for precise detection. Here, authors develop a data-driven recommender system that selects optimal multireceptors a priori, enabling classification of structural analogs with >95% accuracy

Heathcote et al. show that enzymes catalysing N-terminal cysteine oxidation and acetylation have distinct substrate preferences. The modifications are mutually exclusive in vitro, with implications for protein stability and the hypoxic response.

Regional differences in SARS-CoV-2 variants may affect treatment outcome. Here, the authors show that near-sourced convalescent plasma has higher efficacy, as defined by death within 30 days of transfusion, than plasma sourced more than 150 miles away.

The authors develop a computational method to design small DNA-binding proteins (DBPs) that target specific sequences. Designed DBPs show structural accuracy and function in both bacterial and mammalian cells for transcriptional regulation.

The advantage of living in cities compared with rural areas with respect to height and BMI in children and adolescents has generally become smaller globally from 1990 to 2020, except in sub-Saharan Africa.

Plant-parasitic nematodes have the potential to destroy crops globally, and limited options for managing nematode infestation are available. Here, the authors report the 1,3,4-oxadiazole thioether scaffold called Cyprocide that selectively kills nematodes including diverse species of plant-parasitic nematodes.

The Citrobacter rodentium CRISPR–Cas system is activated by the oxygen-responsive transcriptional regulator Fnr in the anoxic environment of the mouse gut.

A study of the evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in England between September 2020 and June 2021 finds that interventions capable of containing previous variants were insufficient to stop the more transmissible Alpha and Delta variants.

Young adults face rising loneliness and mental health challenges. In a study of 5,192 undergraduates, Pei et al. find that perceiving peers as empathic is related to better well-being. Students, however, underestimate peers’ empathy. Two field experiments offered simple interventions that reduced this empathy perception gap and increased social behaviour and connection.

The heterogeneity of androgen receptor (AR) gene alterations across metastases in prostate cancer remains unresolved. Here, the authors characterise AR genomic complexity across spatially separated lethal metastases from 10 prostate cancer patients and investigate how AR alterations evolve.

In an updated report on 70 laboratory-confirmed highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 cases in the USA between March 2024 and May 2025, the absence of human-to-human transmission to date was confirmed, with no known mutations of resistance to neuroaminidase inhibitors.

Bile salt hydrolases encoded by the gut microbiome shape the bile acid pool, including microbial conjugated bile acids, which impact Clostridioides difficile infection in the murine gut.

The Omicron variant evades vaccine-induced neutralization but also fails to form syncytia, shows reduced replication in human lung cells and preferentially uses a TMPRSS2-independent cell entry pathway, which may contribute to enhanced replication in cells of the upper airway. Altered fusion and cell entry characteristics are linked to distinct regions of the Omicron spike protein.

Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas with a large decadal-scale impact on climate change. Accounting for climate and ecological feedback loops can help mitigate its impact.

A metabolically bioactivated selective imidazothiazole nematicide shows comparable effectiveness at controlling plant root infection by Meloidogyne incognita to commercial nematicides, which are traditionally nonselective and toxic.

Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of blood samples from individuals with COVID-19 reveals immune cell and hematopoietic progenitor cell alterations that are differentially associated with disease severity.

COVID-19 can be associated with neurological complications. Here the authors show that markers of brain injury, but not immune markers, are elevated in the blood of patients with COVID-19 both early and months after SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly in those with brain dysfunction or neurological diagnoses.

While polygenic risk scores have been shown to be correlated with disease risk, there is little agreement on how the score should be calculated. Here the authors investigate risk scores for Alzheimer’s disease, finding that the most effective approach includes an APOE score and a polygenic score excluding APOE.

De novo microbial biosynthesis of vindoline and catharanthine using a highly engineered yeast and in vitro chemical coupling to vinblastine is carried out, positioning yeast as a scalable platform to produce many monoterpene indole alkaloids.

A highly selective inhibitor of the DCLK1/2 kinases is used to uncover the consequences of DCLK1 inhibition on viability, phosphosignaling and the transcriptome in patient-derived organoid models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Sera from vaccinated individuals and some monoclonal antibodies show a modest reduction in neutralizing activity against the B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2; but the E484K substitution leads to a considerable loss of neutralizing activity.

The aspartate aminotransaminase GOT1 is important for maintaining redox balance. Here, the authors show that inhibition of GOT1 in pancreatic cancer cells leads to cell death via ferroptosis.

Here, the authors present Paraphase, a HiFi-based informatics method that resolves highly similar genes located in segmental duplications. They apply Paraphase to 316 paralogous genes and summarize extensive genetic diversity across populations.

Chronic infection with SARS-CoV-2 leads to the emergence of viral variants that show reduced susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies in an immunosuppressed individual treated with convalescent plasma.

The affected cellular populations during Alzheimer’s disease progression remain understudied. Here the authors use a cohort of 84 donors, quantitative neuropathology and multimodal datasets from the BRAIN Initiative. Their pseudoprogression analysis revealed two disease phases.

The genetic determinants of sex-specific differences in obesity are still incompletely understood. Here, the authors demonstrate that adipocyte specific loss of Trim28 in committed adipocytes leads to sex specific differences in the development of obesity, and that this phenotype is associated with altered metabolic flexibility and lipid metabolism.

In this study, the authors report that maternal plasma biomarkers of acetaminophen exposure during pregnancy were associated with an increased risk of a diagnosis of child attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The findings suggest that acetaminophen exposure impacts immune pathways and oxidative phosphorylation, potentially mediating neurodevelopmental risks.

Causal approaches employed at the scale of commercial agriculture are required to build high-quality evidence that climate-smart agricultural interventions result in real emissions reductions and removals. Such project-scale empirical data are additionally required to demonstrate and advance the viability of process-based models and digital measurement, reporting and verification as tools to scale soil carbon accounting.

Proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid from individuals with autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease reveals how this complex and chronic disease evolves over many decades.

Nature Biotechnology's readers select some of biotech's most remarkable and influential personalities from the past 10 years.

Many industrial organisms are the result of recent or ancient allopolypoidy events. Here the authors iteratively combine the genomes of six yeast species to generate a viable hybrid.

Determining progress in adaptation to climate change is challenging, yet critical as climate change impacts increase. A stocktake of the scientific literature on implemented adaptation now shows that adaptation is mostly fragmented and incremental, with evidence lacking for its impact on reducing risk.

In this study, Marshall et al. studied early immune responses in the lung and blood after an aerosol infection with BCG. Understanding which cells respond to this infection can help us understand how to design new tuberculosis vaccines.

Vaccination is effective in protecting from COVID-19. Here the authors report immune responses and breakthrough infections in twice-vaccinated patients receiving anti-TNF treatments for inflammatory bowel disease, and find dampened vaccine responses that implicate the need of adapted vaccination schedules for these patients.

T regulatory (T_reg) cells are essential for maintaining immune homeostasis, but how the stability of their lineage and function is regulated is unclear. Here the authors show that Ndfip1 is essential for suppressing T_regcell IL-4 production and metabolic alteration to preserve Treg lineage and function.