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Here the authors compare genetic testing strategies in rare movement disorders, improve diagnostic yield with genome analysis, and establish CD99L2 as an X-linked spastic ataxia gene, showing that CD99L2–CAPN1 signaling disruption likely drives neurodegeneration.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses are of global concern. This study shows that a low-dose H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b Alum/CpG-adjuvanted vaccine elicits broad, durable antibody and T cell responses and protects female mice against lethal homologous and heterologous H5N1 challenges.

Imprinting by influenza viruses can cause a deleterious shift of nearly the entire memory recall response against key, conserved epitopes.

Biomolecular insights into significant cultural changes during the Central European Late Bronze Age (1300–800 BCE) have been limited by cremation. Here, the authors examine available inhumation burials with ancient DNA, stable isotopes, and osteoarchaeology to identify regional traditions and interconnectedness.

The existence of a long-lived, prethermal regime in many-body systems with tunable heating rates, driven by structured random protocols, is observed using a 78-qubit superconducting quantum processor.

On a 51-ion quantum simulator, we investigate locality of entanglement Hamiltonians for a Heisenberg chain, demonstrating Bisognano–Wichmann predictions of quantum field theory applied to lattice many-body systems, and observe the transition from area- to volume-law scaling of entanglement entropies.

A comparison of the repertoire of SARS-CoV-2-specific epitopes targeted by T cells induced by vaccination or natural infection reveals that T cells predominantly target non-spike epitopes in convalescent individuals, while there is a broader spike-specific CD8⁺ T-cell response in vaccinees. Despite differences in T-cell response, the targeted T-cell epitopes were conserved between the wild-type and Omicron variants in both groups.

In hepatocellular carcinoma driven by non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, aberrant T cell activation and impaired immune surveillance seem to make hepatocellular carcinoma less responsive to anti-PD1 or anti-PDL1 immunotherapy.

The epigenetic and transcriptional roles of Nucleoporin 98 (NUP98) fusion oncoproteins in driving pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remain to be explored. Here, the authors identify a core set of genes regulated by NUP98::KDM5A and suggest CDK12 as a potential therapeutic vulnerability.

HIV remission of more than 6 years was achieved in a patient with functional viral co-receptors after CCR5 wild-type/Δ32 allogeneic stem cell transplantation, providing evidence of other mechanisms that can be harnessed to attain long-term remission.

The authors report that an AS03-adjuvanted chimeric hemagglutinin-based influenza vaccine induces persistent stalk-specific serum antibody and bone marrow plasma cell responses in nonhuman primates, offering promise for broader and durable flu protection.

Dewald et al. combine a non-invasive sampling approach (Lolli-Test) with an RT qPCR-pool testing strategy to screen for SARS-CoV-2 infections in children and use the method for surveillance and infection control in > 4000 school and daycare settings.

Regional volcanism in the Terror Rift is influenced by deep-seated tectonic and magmatic processes as well as surficial factors, such as the advancement and retreat cyclicity of ice sheets, as evidenced by mapping and sampling of seafloor volcanism in the southwestern Ross Sea.

Human transplantation with allogeneic donor organs results in non-matching of MHC and differential presentation of T cell antigens. Here the authors show that in a lung transplanted SARS-CoV-2 infected patient T cell responses generated from the host may not be able to recognise infected cells within the graft and this may contribute to virus persistence.

Simulating ultrafast quantum dissipation in molecular excited states is a strongly demanding computational task. Here, the authors combine tensor network simulation, entanglement renormalisation and machine learning to simulate linear vibronic models, and test the method by analysing singlet fission dynamics.

As the energy consumption of neural networks continues to grow, different approaches to deep learning are needed. A neuromorphic method offering nonlinear computation based on linear wave scattering can be implemented using integrated photonics.

Microwave-based quantum key distribution would allow a secure exchange of information in superconducting local area networks and, potentially beyond, in open-air conditions. Here, the authors provide a proof-of-principle implementation within a cryogenic environment, based on propagating displaced squeezed microwave states.

In wildlife tagging, stress from capture and handling can alter post- release behavior and potentially study interpretations. This study of 42 mammal species shows that these effects diminish within 4–7 days, and quicker for animals in high human activity areas indicating adaptation to disturbance.

Therapy of tuberculosis is challenging, mainly due to complex structures of necrotic granulomas that often impair drug delivery. In this work, the authors show that the drug BTZ-043 fully penetrates necrotic granulomas and has potent lesional antibacterial activity.

Animals must distinguish between signals from sensory stimuli and action-generated signals. This paper shows that the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus acts as a corollary discharge center to suppress motion-induced visual signals, orchestrating accurate perception and motor control.

Genomic and molecular analyses of Clunio marinus timing strains suggest that modulation of alternative splicing of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II represents a mechanism for evolutionary adaptation of circadian timing.

The transport of secretory proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi depends on COPII-coated vesicles. Here, the authors show that activation-induced alternative splicing of Sec16 controls adaptation of COPII transport to increased secretory cargo upon T cell activation.

Understanding the various and multiple trade-offs of land-use changes and cropland expansion can contribute to more sustainable policies. A study explores future scenarios of cropland expansion along with the trade-offs in agricultural production and markets, biodiversity and CO₂ emissions.

Vaccines induce beneficial immunity for COVID-19, but immune waning prompts boosting vaccination. Here, the authors show that a third, boosting dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine induces transient CD8 + T effector cell response while conserving the CD8 memory T cell pool, thereby permitting reactivation of spike-specific CD8 + T cells upon breakthrough infection or 4th vaccination.

Longitudinal analyses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine-elicited epitope-specific CD8⁺ T cell responses shows that CD8⁺ T cells are rapidly induced after prime vaccination and stably maintained after boost vaccination.

Short-wavelength spin waves with high group velocity are one of the key ingredients for the spin-wave based memory-logics. Here the authors demonstrate the propagation of spin waves with wavelength down to 50 nm and group velocity up to 2600 m s⁻¹ using ferromagnetic nanowires grown on a thin Y₃Fe₅O₁₂ film strip structure.

Genomic analysis of Plasmodium DNA from 36 ancient individuals provides insight into the global distribution and spread of malaria-causing species during around 5,500 years of human history.

Marked ecosystem changes in the Baltic Sea have been recorded in the sediments, but the reasons are not fully understood. Now an integrated study of high-resolution sediment records (of the past 1,000 years) in combination with an ecosystem modelling approach reveals that surface temperature changes strongly influence deepwater oxygenation.

Heim et al. investigate the role of CD8⁺ T cells specific to HBV polymerase in the context of chronic HBV infection. They identify a unique subset of CD8⁺ T cells with an attenuated effector function. The attenuation is driven by TGFβ signaling, offering new insights into the immune landscape of chronic HBV infection and suggesting potential therapeutic avenues for modulating these cells to enhance viral control.

The authors generate a genome-wide dataset of 102 individuals who lived in Crete, the Greek mainland and the Aegean islands between the Neolithic and the Iron Age, identifying high levels of biological and cultural connectedness within the ancient Aegean.

Different motor symptoms respond variably to deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease. Rajamani et al. suggest that this variability may be due to tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and axial symptoms being associated with a gradient of brain circuits.

Understanding individual variations in the response to seasonal influenza vaccines has broad implications from basic immunology to public health. Here authors show that influenza hemagglutinin-specific T and B cell responses are determined by the pre-vaccination immune phenotype and vaccination history of recipients.

Precise control of quantum systems is important for numerous quantum information tasks, but becomes harder as the system size grows. Dolde et al.use dynamical decoupling techniques to obtain high-fidelity entangled states between electron spins in a nitrogen-vacancy-centre qubit system, with low cross-talk.

Methods to train physical neural networks, such as backpropagation-based and backpropagation-free approaches, are explored to allow scaling up of artificial intelligence models far beyond present small-scale laboratory demonstrations, potentially enhancing computational efficiency.

Bradyzoites are a quiescent form of Toxoplasma gondii enclosed in cysts during chronic infections. Here, Christiansen et al. develop a human myotube-based in vitro culture model of cysts that are infectious to mice and characterize their metabolism in comparison to fast replicating tachyzoites.

Thimme and colleagues identify a molecular signature of T cell exhaustion resembling a ‘chronic scar’ that is imprinted in hepatitis C virus–specific CD8⁺ T cells and cannot simply be reversed by viral clearance.

We demonstrate the first four-state DM CVQKD system generating composable secure keys over 20 km fiber, marking progress toward practical, high-performance, cost-effective, and highly secure QKD networks using standard telecommunication components.

Complex genomic alterations segregate melanoma into different molecular subsets, but for most subsets it is unclear whether they drive a distinct clinical behaviour. Here, the authors use gene-expression data from melanoma patients to search for outlier genes that correlate with survival and identify that MTSS1 is associated with metastasis.

To replicate in Huh7 hepatoma cells, HCV must acquire mutations that prevent PI4KA over-activation. PI4KA-specific inhibitors promote replication of unadapted viral isolates and allow replication of patient-derived virus in cell culture.

Virus-specific CD8⁺T cells lose effector function over the course of chronic infection, a process called ‘exhaustion’, but the fate of these cells after treatment-induced antigen elimination is unknown. Here the authors show that exhausted cells persist in patients even after direct-acting antiviral therapy removes antigen exposure, and that these cells are responsive on re-exposure to antigen.