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Introduction of structured neutron waves carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) in small-angle neutron scattering experiments provides novel approaches to the characterisation of material properties. Here the authors demonstrate the retrieval of phase information in far-field intensity profiles by means of an interferometric technique using helical neutron waves.

Lei et al. show that cold preservation of heart transplants triggers mineralocorticoid receptor clustering in cardiomyocyte nuclei, and blocking this improves heart transplant function.

A study of human and mouse models of pancreatic cancer finds that inhibiting the lipid kinase PIKfyve interferes with the cancer’s lipid homeostasis, making it a potential target for drug development.

Current first-line treatments of pediatric UC maintain a 6-month remission in only half of the patients. Here, applying multi-omics on intestinal biopsies from treatment-naïve children, the authors show that relapse-prediction using separate omics data is outperformed by a robust machine learning approach combining microbiomes and epigenomes.

Cholesterol metabolism is altered in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The authors show that promoting cellular cholesterol excretion in a mouse model improves myelination, reduces the disease-associated oligodendrocyte response, and prolongs survival.

Characterisation of optical frequency electric fields and its integration within ultrafast currents in nanostructures is a crucial step for the development of petahertz electronics devices. Here the authors demonstrate singleshot measurement of the phase of a laser pulse with on-chip arrays of hundreds of metallic nanoantennas.

Sexual size dimorphism in mammals, often linked to sexual selection, can impacts genome evolution. This study finds sexual dimorphism in body size is associated with expanded gene families for olfactory functions and contracted gene families for brain development.

How PRC1 recognises and interacts with its target genes remains poorly understood. Here, the authors use genome engineering and single particle tracking to dissect how PRC1 binds to chromatin in live mouse embryonic stem cells, revealing that this repressor is highly dynamic, with only a small fraction stably interacting with chromatin.

Diagnosis and medical care of most aortic pathologies is frequently the responsibility of cardiologists. With the emergence of endovascular interventions, it is, therefore, increasingly important for cardiologists to gain confidence in managing at least the most-frequent presentations of aortic disease. Here, Hüseyin Ince and Christoph Nienaber review the etiology, pathophysiology and clinical management of patients with thoracic aortic aneurysm, in the context of the most recent literature.

A new integration approach, nano-ridge engineering, enables electrically driven GaAs-based laser diodes to be fabricated on Si wafers in a complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) pilot line, showing potential for the integration of laser diodes in a Si photonics platform.

Genetic circuits can be engineered to generate predefined outcomes, however host context is a crucial factor in performance. Here the authors characterise twenty NOT gates in seven different bacteria to understand and predict interoperability and portability across hosts.

Bacterial type III secretion systems (T3SS) play important roles in pathogenesis. Here, Diepoldet al. show the dynamic nature of complexes formed of essential T3SS components in live bacteria, and that extracellular calcium concentrations influence these cytosolic complexes likely via SctK/YscK.

Epigenetic information is transmitted from mother to daughter cells through mitosis. Here, the authors isolate native chromosomes from metaphase-arrested cells and perform LC-MS/MS to identify chromosome-bound proteins in pluripotent stem cells during mitosis and reveal that PRC2, DNA methylation and Mecp2 are required to maintain chromosome compaction.

Ultrasound neuromodulation overcomes limitations of electrode-based stimulation through improved

targeting and long-term stability for treating neurological disorders. Here, authors present a hair-thin, implantable piezoelectric stimulator that selectively modulates neurons in the deep brain.

Domestication reduces genetic diversity and constrains crop improvement. Here the authors identify factors that shaped species diversity in the wild progenitors of chickpea, and produce wild introgression populations that increase diversity for breeding by ~100-fold, including traits of agronomic relevance.

Identifying biomarkers associated with risk of severe COVID-19 disease could inform clinical management. Here, the authors identify a long noncoding RNA associated with severe disease using data from three European countries, and validate their finding in data from Canada.

The electrical conductance of a nanotube decreases when it is heated. This phenomenon is exploited in a new technique called photothermal current microscopy to image the conductance of individual nanotubes and groups of nanotubes.

Immunoglobulin genes are further diversified by the cytidine deaminase AID. Gearhart and colleagues show immunoglobulin genes accumulate AID-dependent uracil residues within the first 24 hours of B cell stimulation.

Catfish represent 6.3% of all vertebrate species, and occupy a phylogenetic position close to the common ancestor of bony fish. Liu et al. present a reference genome of the channel catfish, and reveal a genomic basis for the evolutionary loss of scales in these species.

Traditional methods for cell stiffness measurements are limited by long processing times and unsuitability for multiple cell analysis. Here, the authors demonstrate a fast technique based on acoustic stimulation and holographic imaging to reconstruct whole-cell stiffness maps of individual and multiple cells.

Quantum interference of two photons can be extended to the mid-infrared region by using quantum frequency conversion.

Termination of RNA polymerase II is a critical step in transcription. Here, the authors provide evidence that the fission yeast CID-RRM protein Seb1 is required for termination of coding and non-coding genes through interaction with both the polymerase and the nascent RNA.

Overabundance of the eIF2–GTP–Met-tRNAi translational initiation complex has been linked to malignant transformation. N,N'-diarylurea chemical probes that block ternary complex assembly through heme-regulated inhibitor kinase activation validate translational initiation pathways as a potential anti-cancer targets.

Polarized epithelial cells orient their mitotic spindles in the plane of the sheet but the role of cell adhesion molecules in this process is poorly understood. Here Tuncay et al. show that JAM-A regulates spindle orientation by creating a gradient of PtdIns(3,4,5)P₃, regulating cortical actin assembly and localizing dynactin to the cell cortex.