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A large-scale study on the replicability of claims from social and behavioural science journals reports that about half of the results replicate in the same patterns as the original study.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Using single-cell profiling of Nanog and Oct4 protein levels in mouse embryonic stem cells, Schroeder and colleagues show that differences in Nanog levels are not correlated with differences in expression of other pluripotency factors and cell fate.

At the mucosal interface of the gut and microbiome immune cells play pivotal roles to regulate between commensalism, colonisation and pathogenic invasion. Here, Lo et al. show CTLA-4 expression in innate lymphoid cells is linked to mucosal homeostasis in a microbiome dependent manner.

Here the authors dissect the developmental and functional relationship between tumor-responsive cytotoxic T cells in the tumor versus the tumor-draining lymph nodes (tdLNs), finding that stem-like T_PEX cells dependent on MYB in the tdLNs are required for CD8⁺ T cell tumor infiltration and ICB responses.

A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of type 2 diabetes (T2D) identifies more than 600 T2D-associated loci; integrating physiological trait and single-cell chromatin accessibility data at these loci sheds light on heterogeneity within the T2D phenotype.

Organic permeable base transistors featuring a porous aluminium electrode within the semiconductor channel enable high photo-gain and charge storage simultaneously. The transistors achieve retention times beyond 10.000 s while operating at less than 2 V with responsivity as high as 10⁹ A W⁻¹.

The authors identify Nuclear receptor subfamily 6 group A member 1 (Nr6a1) as a master regulator of elongation, segmentation, patterning and lineage allocation specifically within the trunk region of the mouse, acting downstream of the major signals known to control vertebral column formation.

Delivering immunomodulatory compounds to myeloid cells can activate innate immunity for cancer immunotherapy. Here the authors design a polymersome-based nanocarrier for delivering β-glucan to red pulp myeloid cells in the spleen and show that their strategy achieves tumour growth reduction in a melanoma model.

Bedoui and colleagues describe a sequential process of integration of innate and CD40-delivered signals in APCs, which optimizes their capacity to drive antiviral CD8⁺ T cell responses.

Light sensing outside the eyes is common in many animals but is usually confined to specialized organs. Here, the entire body wall of the fruitfly larva is found to be tiled with blue- and ultraviolet-light sensing neuronal dendrites, which are essential for the larva's innate light-avoidance behaviour. The phototransduction machinery used by these neurons is distinct from other Drosophila photoreceptor molecules but similar to a system recently identified in nematode neurons.

Ascaroside pheromones reflect population density in Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, the authors show that variation in ascaroside receptor genes contributes to differences in pheromone responses in natural populations of C. elegans.

Efficient mobilization and expression of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) into heterologous hosts is needed for microbial natural products discovery. Here, the authors improve the CONKAT-seq strategy by simultaneously capturing the BCGs into a single large insert library and demonstrate its ability to discover natural products with new structures and potent antibacterial activity.

Brown adipose thermogenesis increases energy expenditure and relies on uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), however, UCP1 knock-out mice show resistance to diet-induced obesity at room temperature. Here, the authors show that this resistance relies on FGF21-signaling, inducing the browning of white adipose tissue.

Viruses manipulate host cell pathways to support infection. Here the authors show that SARS-CoV-2 infection modulates cellular metabolism and limits autophagy, and identify druggable host pathways for virus inhibition.

Spermidine, a naturally occurring polyamine, extends the lifespan of mice and is cardioprotective in both aged mice and hypertensive rats. In humans, high dietary spermidine intake is associated with reduced blood pressure and a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease.

The Eμ-Myc lymphoma mouse model has been invaluable in the study of this disease. Here, the authors use multiple sequencing strategies to analyse the tumours in these mice and find recurrent inactivating mutations in Bcor, suggesting that this gene has a negative role in Mycsignalling.

An analysis of 101 ancient human genomes from the Bronze Age (3000–1000 bc) reveals large-scale population migrations in Eurasia consistent with the spread of Indo-European languages; individuals frequently had light skin pigmentation but were not lactose tolerant.

This paper shows that the activity of human beta-defensin 1 is regulated by its redox status, with enhanced antibiotic killing activity under reducing conditions as they are found in the distal colon. This is believed to serve to protect the healthy intestinal epithelium against potentially harmful colonization by commensal bacteria and opportunistic fungi. In vitro evidence implicates thioredoxin as the likely reducing agent.

Combining the kinase inhibitor sorafenib with allogeneic stem cell transplantation boosts immune responses against a subtype of acute myelogenous leukemia, suggesting potential clinical benefit.

The Somatic Mosaicism across Human Tissues Network aims to create a reference catalogue of somatic mosaicism across different tissues and cells within individuals.

The identification of an unusual glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in Sulfolobus acidocaldarius highlights the evolution and functional diversity of glycerol degrading enzymes across the archaeal domain.

In response to CO₂, leaves close their stomatal pores but the CO₂-binding proteins and the cell type responsible for this effect have not been identified. Expression of β-carbonic anhydrase in guard cells modulates the CO₂-mediated regulation of stomatal movements.

Rheumatoid diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis are associated with accelerated atherosclerosis, increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The early signs of cardiovascular disease therefore need to be recognized in these patients so that effective cardiovascular protection can be introduced. In this Review the authors discuss validated techniques that are currently available to determine subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with rheumatic conditions.