The holmium:yttrium–aluminium–garnet (YAG) laser has been a standard of care for treating renal stones for the past 20 years. However, it is not without its limitations. In this Review, Fried and Irby discuss new laser technologies that offer an alternative to the holmium:YAG laser and consider fibre-optic approaches for delivery of the laser energy inside the urinary tract.
- Nathaniel M. Fried
- Pierce B. Irby