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Compiling data on floral introductions and European colonial history of regions worldwide, the authors find that compositional similarity of floras is higher than expected among regions once occupied by the same empire and similarity increases with the length of time the region was occupied by that empire.

cellSTAAR advances noncoding rare variant association analysis by integrating single-cell genomics data.

This study identifies status dystonicus as a distinct brain state characterized by excessive beta-band activity with implications for the diagnosis and treatment of this poorly known neurological emergency

Here the authors provide an explanation for 95% of examined predicted loss of function variants found in disease-associated haploinsufficient genes in the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), underscoring the power of the presented analysis to minimize false assignments of disease risk.

The forelimbs of two Late Cretaceous theropod dinosaurs show the presence of the pisiform bone, previously thought to have been lost early in theropod evolution and regained in birds during the evolution of flight, indicating that a birdlike pisiform appeared prior to the evolution of flight.

The ASAP4 family of genetically encoded voltage indicators allows recording of action potentials and subthreshold activity with either one- or two-photon microscopy over extended periods of time.

Global energy budgets of planets are important to understand their climate system. Here, the authors show long-term multi-instrument observations from Cassini spacecraft, which reveals dynamical imbalances of Saturn’s global energy budget.

Velocimetry diagnostics such as photon Doppler velocimetry (PDV) are essential to the field of shock and high energy density physics. Here, the authors demonstrate a system that dramatically extends the velocity dynamic range of PDV into the regime of fusion experiments by harnessing a time lens.

Single photon emitters (SPEs) in 2D semiconductors can be deterministically positioned using localized strain induced by underlying nanostructures. Here, the authors show SPE coupling in WSe₂ to GaP dielectric nanoantennas, substantially increasing quantum efficiency and photoluminescence brightness.

To circumvent the limitations of electronic computers, moving to hybrid optical-electronic or all-optical devices may be useful. Here, Babaeian et al. present an all-optical implementation of the probabilistic graphical model using nonlinear optics in thin films to implement mathematical functions.

A platform for profiling single-cell density reveals insights into the regulation of cell density homeostasis and patient drug responses.

A study of several longitudinal birth cohorts and cross-sectional cohorts finds only moderate overlap in genetic variants between autism that is diagnosed earlier and that diagnosed later, so they may represent aetiologically different conditions.

Bergel et al. show that an infraslow rhythm connecting the brain and body during sleep is shared by lizards, mammals and birds, revealing an ancestral process and reshaping our understanding of the evolution of sleep states.

Nanoscopy of non-adherent cells is currently not possible, due to their movement in solution. Here the authors immobilize and manipulate fixedE. coli by multiple optical traps; their holographic optical tweezers enable dSTORM imaging of orthogonal planes via 3D realignment of the sample.

The supercooling parameter, P, was found to be the best indicator of grain morphology of metallic alloys produced with high solidification velocities. This provides guidance for the design of new alloys for use with additive manufacturing.

Isotope production is usually associated with nuclear reactors, but there are alternative approaches. One such proposal is based on the well-known atomic physics experimental techniques of optical pumping and magnetic guiding, and its viability for isotope separation is now experimentally demonstrated.

Accurate estimations of the frequency distribution of rare variants are needed to quantify the discovery power and guide large-scale human sequencing projects. This study describes an algorithm called UnseenEst to estimate the distribution of genetic variations using tens of thousands of exomes.

This Consensus Statement discusses common misunderstandings about photodetector performance characterization and reporting, and offers recommendations for standardized practices.

How lightning is initiated inside storms has been a long-standing and fundamental question. Here, the authors report observations of a previously unrecognized type of discharge, called fast positive breakdown, that is found to initiate many and potentially all lightning discharges in storms.

Phonons—quantized lattice vibrations in solids—carry energy and momentum through solids just like electrons, yet their control for technological means remains elusive. Towards this end, Kerfoot et al.show phonon-induced optical transparency in a quantum dot pair via electrically gated phonon dissipation.

The ability to physically partition the human brain at a spatial resolution comparable to neuroimaging methods enabled the development of a brain-wide atlas of mitochondrial content, specialization and enzymatic oxidation and phosphorylation activities.

Masers are promising for applications that use microwave radiation. Here, the authors present a compact room-temperature maser design using a high permittivity dielectric material for the resonator to achieve low optical pumping powers. This design pushes masers closer towards their promised applications.

The native anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) oncofetal protein is expressed in neuroblastoma and in multiple pediatric and adult solid tumors. Here, the authors show an ALK-directed antibody-drug conjugate with therapeutic efficacy in ALK-expressing preclinical models.

The authors present an approach to collect and process solution NMR spectra based on steady-state free-precession acquisitions, which can provide higher sensitivity for small organic molecules than currently used Fourier-based counterparts.

Two-photon excited near-infrared fluorescence materials have garnered considerable attention because of their superior optical properties compared with other optical materials. Here, the authors use a convenient and efficient supramolecular approach to synthesize a two-photon excited near-infrared emissive co-crystalline material.

Exciton–polariton condensates have garnered interest as a means to access macroscopic displays of quantum phenomena such as Bose–Einstein condensation and superfluidity. In this work, a direct measure of the polariton–polariton interaction is obtained.

The final step in an ECF transporters transport cycle involves the expulsion of the membrane embedded substrate binding protein (the S-component) from the motor (the ECF module). Here the authors show how the motor uses ATP binding to load a molecular spring, and adjusts the shape of the membrane, to achieve this step.

Dual-comb spectroscopy has become a valuable tool for broadband high-resolution measurements. Here Bergevin et al. apply this technique to a laser-induced plasma detecting different species in a solid sample with a spectral resolution sufficient to resolve hyperfine splitting of the Rb D₂ line.

The nonlinear properties of photonic topological insulators remain largely unexplored, as band topology is linked to linear systems. But nonlinear topological corner states and solitons can form in a second-order topological insulator, as shown by experiments.

Cheng et al. explore the universality and cultural variability in how people understand human relationships, revealing a five-dimensional framework for relationship concepts across both modern and ancient societies.

A magnetic galactic halo featuring coherent ridges several kiloparsecs above and below the Galactic Disk has been detected in multi-wavelength observations. The halo is probably a consequence of outflows driven by active star-forming regions in the disk.

Previous studies of the skin have suggested a neutral-to-acidic pH gradient in the outermost layer. Here, the authors perform quantitative intravital pH imaging of the stratum corneum, the outermost epidermal layer, and demonstrate three distinct pH zones - rather than a gradient - with different biological functions.

Assembly of higher-order artificial vesicles can unlock new applications. Here, the authors use optical tweezers to construct user-defined 2D and 3D architectures of chemically distinct vesicles and demonstrate inter-vesicle communication and light-enabled compartment merging.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent vascular signaling agent, but its bioavailability is limited through rapid scavenging reactions. DeMartino et al. characterize the formation and bioactivity of NO-ferroheme, a stable NO analog that forms readily, bypasses scavenging reactions and mediates NO signaling.

MultiSTAAR provides a general and flexible statistical framework for functionally informed multi-trait rare variant analysis of biobank-scale sequencing studies by jointly analyzing multiple traits and incorporating annotation information.

Surface treatment is shown to yield passivated perovskite films with very high quasi-Fermi level splitting and internal photoluminescence quantum efficiency, indicating that further improvements in the performance of perovskite optoelectronics should be feasible.

Encapsulated graphene Josephson junctions are promising for microwave quantum circuits but so far haven’t been explored. Here, Schmidt and Jenkins et al. observe a gate-tunable Josephson inductance in a microwave circuit based on a ballistic graphene Josephson junction embedded in a superconducting cavity.

Vector magnetometers measure magnetic fields for diverse applications. Here, the authors present a high-resolution vector atomic magnetometer achieving precise field and angular measurements, addressing key metrology challenges while retaining the accuracy and calibration benefits of scalar sensors.

The world’s first integration of quantum key distribution and high-speed classical communications over field-deployed multi-core fiber.

Alzheimer’s disease is heterogeneous in its neuroimaging and clinical phenotypes. Here the authors present a semi-supervised deep learning method, Smile-GAN, to show four neurodegenerative patterns and two progression pathways providing prognostic and clinical information.

We report an ensemble of cold ⁸⁵Rb atoms strongly coupled to a superconducting resonator and optical cavity, resulting in the demonstration of quantum-enabled transduction of millimetre wave photons to optical photons.

Analyses of genome and exome sequencing data identify rare coding and structural variants associated with atrial fibrillation and highlight genetic links between atrial fibrillation and cardiomyopathies.

Temperature jump technique is widely used to probe the fast dynamics of protein and DNA folding, but constrained to modest temperature control. Here, the authors use a microfluidic device combined with an infrared laser to heat or cool DNA hairpins up to 70 °C on a microsecond time scale.

Manipulation and control of collective oscillations in solids by light enabling fast electronics and the creation of active time-varying materials in THz range attracts many interests. Here, the authors present a new approach to Floquet engineering - the active reshaping of electronic band structures with coherent signals - named “Modulated Floquet parametric driving”.