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There are similarities in airway inflammatory endotype between eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) and type 2 eosinophilic asthma. Here, the authors perform single-cell transcriptomics to compare EGPA with severe eosinophilic asthma and find differences in the innate immune cell populations and use mouse models to characterise the function and phenotype of these cells.

This study reveals dissociating methane hydrate mounds on the seafloor at more than 3600 m deep in the Greenland Sea. This gas hydrate cold seep supports chemosynthetic fauna similar to Arctic hydrothermal vents at similar depth, consistent with an overlap between vent and seep fauna in the region.

Natural killer cells of acute myeloid leukaemia patients lack cytotoxic activity. Here the authors show that these cells have elevated GSK3β, and that its inhibition prolongs survival of mice transplanted with human AML and stimulates NK cytotoxicity via increased adhesion of NK cells to their targets.

Two regions of superconductivity are observed in the phase diagram of magic-angle twisted trilayer graphene. This may yield insight into the superconducting mechanism in moiré materials.

N-heterocyclic carbenes have been shown to be versatile ligands for metal catalysts and even catalysts in their own right. Here, bulky N-heterocyclic carbenes are shown to stabilize paramagnetic and electron-poor species sufficiently for their crystallographic characterization.

Neural mechanisms underlying state-dependent flexible selection are not fully understood. Here authors show that NPY homologues in Drosophila larva differentially modulate reciprocally connected inhibitory neurons to bias non-feeding decisions, favoring escape-type actions (Head Cast), over protective-type actions (Hunch), in response to a mechanical cue.

The study advances the use of serological surveys to guide trachoma elimination program decisions and provides a way to set thresholds for whether or not to continue an intervention program.

A crystal is a band insulator if the energy bands are filled with electrons. Partially filled bands result in a metal, or sometimes a Mott insulator when interactions are strong. A study now shows that for many crystalline structures, the Mott insulator is the only possible insulating state, even for filled bands.

Acetylcholine–α9 nAChR signaling regulates thymic negative selection.

Wastewater treatment plants are important reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Here, the authors analyze ARGs in a global collection of samples from wastewater treatment plants across six continents, providing insights into biotic and abiotic mechanisms that appear to control ARG diversity and distribution.

Skeletal muscle cells contain hundreds of nuclei, but can also add new nuclei in response to various stimuli. Here, the authors perform lineage tracing on the newly fused nuclei showing that these exhibit unique transcriptional states depending on the stimulus.

Kim and colleagues perform a phase 2 clinical trial (ELM-2) of odronextamab monotherapy in patients with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma and report on the primary analyses of the efficacy and safety profile.

Nuclear receptors (NR) are drug-responsive master regulators. Here, authors map DNA binding profiles of all human NRs. Their MinSeq Find algorithm identifies masked NR binding sites in genomes and maps ~10% of orphan SNPs linked to numerous diseases.

Genome-wide association analyses identify 30 risk loci for IgA nephropathy. Functional annotations of putative causal genes converge on inflammatory signaling pathways and cytokine ligand–receptor pairs, prioritizing potential new drug targets.

Editor summary: A native-mass-spectrometry-based approach analyzes integral membrane protein–lipid complexes directly from near-physiological membrane conditions, providing information about protein oligomeric states, lipid identities, and membrane properties.

Magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene (MATBG) hosts flat electronic bands allowing for a rich variety of correlated electronic states. Here, using a scanning single electron transistor, Yu et al find thermodynamically gapped ground states in MATBG at several filling factors, with spin-skyrmion charge excitations.

Male mice exposed to PFAS (a group of environmental contaminants) have reduced sperm production but normal sperm viability & motility. Embryos created by in vitro fertilisation (IVF) with PFAS-exposed sperm have disrupted transcriptomes suggesting possible transgenerational effects.

Thousands of genetic variants have been associated with lupus, but causal variants and mechanisms are unknown. Here, the authors combine a massively parallel reporter assay with genome-wide ChIP experiments to identify risk variants with allelic enhancer activity mediated through transcription factor binding.

A tuneable platform using twisted WTe₂ stacks is described in which an electronic phase in the two-dimensional moiré lattice array is shown to resemble one-dimensional Luttinger liquids.

Myeloid cells modulate the immune response within the tumour microenvironment, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, the authors show that Fcmr – the putative receptor for soluble IgM – is a potent negative regulator of anti-tumour immunity.

Mature B cells encounter antigens during development that induce anergy or functional unresponsiveness; this large reservoir of dormant autoreactive B cells may serve as a pool of extended antibody specificity for purposes of protective immunity, as well as the source of pathogenic autoantibodies that characterize rheumatic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus.

Intracellular, intercellular and extracellular silicon interfaces enable light-controlled non-genetic modulation of intracellular calcium dynamics, of cellular excitability, of neurotransmitter release from brain slices, and of brain activity in vivo.

Minerals are rarely explored as building blocks for dynamic inorganic materials. Here, the authors derive inspiration from fish scales to create mutable surfaces based on arrays of calcite crystals, in which one end of each crystal is immobilized in and regenerated from silicone, and the other functional end is left exposed.

The wireless and photoelectrochemical stimulation of primary rat dorsal root ganglion neurons is demonstrated by shining laser light onto coaxially doped silicon nanowires deposited on the neuronal membrane.

Both genomic and antigenomic hepatitis delta virus (HDV) RNAs have hairpin-shaped ends. Small capped RNAs have now been identified from both genomic and antigenomic RNAs, and the human homolog of the Arabidopsis RNA amplification factor (SDE3) has been implicated in the replication of HDV.

Structural insights from cryo-EM single-particle analysis and X-ray crystallography reveal that AspT mediates substrate translocation via an elevator-type alternating-access mechanism involving a stable partially open inward-facing intermediate.

Reducing levels of mitochondrial iron by diet or pharmacological chelation ameliorates symptoms of cigarette smoke–induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in mice.

Antigen escape represents a potential drawback of chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy targeting a single tumor-associated antigen. To reduce the risk of antigen escape, here the authors report the design and characterization of a BAFF ligand CAR-T that can recognize three different receptors (BAFF-R, BCMA and TACI), demonstrating in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity against multiple B cell cancer models.

Anisotropies in conductivity measurements of bismuth point to the spontaneous breaking of intrinsic degeneracies in its electronic structure — and suggest there may be still more to learn from this well-studied material.

This protocol describes how to fabricate and apply silicon-based structures for optically controlled neuromodulation. The structures can be used for nongenetic neuronal excitation in cultured neurons, brain slices, and in vivo applications.

Vascular smooth muscle cells can harness fluctuations in external cyclic stretching by altering their cytoskeletal organization and the associated mitochondrial network.

Global sampling of microbial communities associated with wastewater treatment plants and application of ecological theory revealed a small, core bacterial community associated with performance and provides insights into the community dynamics in this environment.

Nanopore sequencing data are rapidly analyzed with parallel data access.

Lape et al. use electronic health records and a discovery-replication cohort study design to investigate links between common pathogens and non-communicable diseases. Evidence is found for over 200 associations, such as a role for human cytomegalovirus in ulcerative colitis.