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The exosome is a multisubunit exonuclease complex that degrades many types of RNAs, in many different contexts, in a 3′ to 5′ manner. The catalytic component of the exosome is the Dis3 subunit. Dis3 contains a PIN domain, which is sometimes associated with nuclease activity. This work shows that the Dis3 PIN domain also possesses endonuclease activity (that is, it can cleave RNA internally, rather than from an end). Mutations in either this domain or in the exonuclease domain exhibit a growth phenotype, suggesting that both activities are physiologically important.

Co-fractionation/mass spectrometry (CF/MS) allows mapping protein interactomes but efficiency and quantitative accuracy are limited. Here, the authors develop a reproducible multiplexed CF/MS method and apply it to characterize interactome rewiring in breast cancer cells.

The identification of T cell epitopes is a critical step in understanding the immune response to infection and in designing vaccine based approaches. Here the authors introduce a frame work of antigen discovery called MHCvalidator and Epitrack to identify new antigenic features for T-cell COVID-19 vaccines and characterise a novel non-canonical epitope from a truncated Spike variant and mutation of an immunodominant epitope in the BNT162b4 vaccine.

The plant hormone auxin is essential for plant development and growth and is transported across cellular membranes via specialized transporter proteins. In this study, Ranocha et al. identify the first vacuolar auxin transporter, WAT1, suggesting an involvement of the vacuole in auxin signalling.

Integration of color centers in wide-band semiconductors with electronic and photonic devices is required for their applications in quantum technologies. Here the authors report electronic, optical and spin control of a single vacancy center in a 4H-SiC Schottky diode integrated with optical microstructures.

This study identifies argininesuccinate lyase, a key member of the urea cycle for arginine biosynthesis, as an important molecular component of rice root tolerance to ammonium and so as a potential lead to improve nitrogen use efficiency and yield.

Here, the authors investigate the interaction of pigment distribution and cuticle density within butterfly wing scales. They use ptychographic X-ray computed tomography to find that pigments can impact cuticle properties and thus color in Junonia orithya and Bicyclus anynana.

With rich, multi-layered baseline data and long-term follow-up through linkage, the HELIOS Study provides a resource to investigate the behavioural, environmental, genomic, and molecular factors impacting health in Asian populations.

RNase P is a key enzyme implicated in transfer RNA maturation that removes the 5′-leader sequences from transfer RNA precursors. In this study, a biophysical characterization of a novel protein-only variant of RNase P, known as PRORP (PROteinaceous RNase P), reveals that transfer RNA recognition by PRORP is similar to that by ribonucleoprotein RNase P.

A bivalent biparatopic nanobody penetrates the brain, binds to and potentiates the activity of homodimeric metabotropic glutamate receptor 2, correcting cognitive deficits in two preclinical mouse models with endophenotypes resulting from NMDA receptor hypofunction.

The claustrum/dorsal endopiriform cortex (CLA) is a complex brain region with an unclear function. Here, the authors show that Nurr1 is important for maintaining neuron identity and receptor expression linked to hallucinatory states in this region.

Multi-partite entanglement is essential not only to understand large quantum ensembles but also to build useful quantum technologies. Armstronget al. demonstrate multimode entanglement of up to eight modes using programmable virtual networks based on linear optics that can be switched in real time.

Using an innovative method, the mass of a pulsar can be constrained using the maximum ‘glitch’ in the star’s rotational frequency: the bigger the glitch, the lower the mass. This method is used to estimate the mass of all observed glitchers.

A high-resolution three-dimensional endoscopic imaging technique resolves unique features in Barrett’s oesophageal neoplasia.

The authors here investigate information integration in plants using light and nutrient stimuli and identify a novel regulation pathway towards photoreceptor-regulated stem growth.

In this work, author demonstrate that the Mycobacterium tuberculosis MenT toxin is capable of specifically depleting its pool of serine tRNA available for protein synthesis.

How long does it take a random walker to reach a given target point? This quantity, known as a first passage time, is important because of its crucial role in various situations such as spreading of diseases or target search processes. This paper develops a general theory that allows the accurate evaluation of the mean first passage time in complex media. The predictions are confirmed by numerical simulations of several representative models of disordered media, fractals, anomalous diffusion and scale free networks.

In an open field, the preferential firing of grid cells on a hexagonal lattice is formed by integrating external as well as self-motion cues. Here, the authors show that on a 1D circular track, path integration cues shape the spatial selectivity of grid cells while external cues determine the scale of the grid.

A cross-ancestry meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies association signals for stroke and its subtypes at 89 (61 new) independent loci, reveals putative causal genes, highlighting F11, KLKB1, PROC, GP1BA, LAMC2 and VCAM1 as potential drug targets, and provides cross-ancestry integrative risk prediction.

The study by Pallucchi et al. links the molecular identity of motoneuron and V2a interneuron subtypes to their function and uncovers orthogonal transcriptomic rules for their assembly into separate circuit modules controlling locomotor speed.

This paper reports the observation of a step-by-step state collapse by using atoms to non-destructively measure the photon number of a field stored in a cavity. The procedure illustrates all the postulates of quantum measurement and should facilitate studies of non-classical fields trapped in cavities.

A close-up look at the action of space weathering on carbonaceous asteroids, provided by Ryugu’s returned samples, highlights its role on the dehydration of the first micrometre-thick layer of the surface, possibly hiding a water-rich interior. The depth of the 2.7 µm hydration band may be an indication of the level of space weathering withstood by a C-type asteroid.

Complex I inhibition induces oxidative stress leading to cancer cell cytotoxicity. Here, the authors show, in breast cancer models, that inflammatory mediators can potentiate complex I inhibitor phenformin cytotoxicity through STAT1-mediated downregulation of the reactive oxygen species scavenger NQO1.

Manganese complexes have long been utilized by nature to catalyze the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) but mirroring their efficiency in artificial electrochemical systems has proven difficult. This study centers on alpha-manganese dioxide (α-MnO₂), which closely mimics natural Mn^IV-O-Mn^III-H_xO motifs, presenting a novel method for manipulating proton coupling within the OER process using an external electric field.

Treatment of prostate cancer, especially in its advanced stage, is still challenging; therefore, strategies to prevent metastatic dissemination are of great interest. Here the authors reveal a crucial role for liver X receptors in suppressing prostate carcinogenesis and metastatic progression in PTEN-null tumors.

The advantage of living in cities compared with rural areas with respect to height and BMI in children and adolescents has generally become smaller globally from 1990 to 2020, except in sub-Saharan Africa.

The α7 nicotinic receptor mediates neuronal communication in the brain. Here, the authors present cryo-EM structures of α7 in complex with single-chain antibodies, revealing an original mechanism of potentiation useful for the design of pro-cognitive drugs.

Archaeogenetic study of ancient DNA from medieval northwestern Europeans reveals substantial increase of continental northern European ancestry in Britain, suggesting mass migration across the North Sea during the Early Middle Ages.

Genome-wide association analyses identify new risk loci for heart failure and its subtypes, extending understanding of the underlying biological pathways and disease mechanisms.

Namy et al. show that the yeast prion form of the eERF3 translation termination factor boosts antizyme expression, which reduces polyamine synthesis. Changes in polyamine levels account for most of the phenotypic traits conferred by this prion.

Microfluidic multipoles use arrays of sources and sinks to confine fluids and reagents without the use of physical channels. Here the authors use conformal mappings to predict both convective and diffusive transport in these flows and 3D print multipoles to automate surface-based immunoassays.

The flexibility of microwave photonics provides advantages over electronic circuitry, yet the lack of integrated chip-scale devices limits its practical application. This study presents microwave filters based on photonic crystal waveguides with controllable delays as a step towards intregable circuits.

The effect of nanocrystal structure on electronic properties is of considerable interest for optoelectronic devices. Here, Evers et al. study the charge transport in two-dimensional percolative networks of PbSe and find excellent terahertz mobility of charge carriers.

Trace and delay conditioning experiments in Drosophila reveal the different neurons and signalling mechanisms that underlie this behaviour and highlight similarities with observations of learning experiences in mammals.

In a mouse model of prostate cancer, neural progenitors from the central nervous system that express doublecortin infiltrate tumours and metastases, and can generate new adrenergic neurons in tumours.

A pangenome analysis of 76 wild and domesticated barley accessions in combination with short-read sequence data of 1,315 barley genotypes indicates that allelic diversity at structurally complex loci may have helped crop plants to adapt to agricultural ecosystems.

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ligand-gated ion channels, the activity of which modulates many neurotransmitter systems. They are therefore therapeutic targets for the treatment of several central nervous system disorders. In this article, Taly and colleagues present recent advances in our understanding of the atomic structure, functional organization and conformational transitions of the nAChR that may be applied to drug discovery, and discuss agents currently in development.

Reforestation has been recently identified as a promising climate mitigation option. In Southeast Asia, 120 million ha of land are biophysically suitable for reforestation. However, financial, land-use and operational factors constrain mitigation potential to a fraction of its total possible value.

The V-ATPase impaired in the det3 mutant acidifies trans-Golgi network/early endosome, and is needed for exocytosis of cargo vesicles, which are involved in recycling important membrane proteins such as the brassinoid receptor and cellulose synthase.