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Solid-state quantum emitters in the telecom C-band hold promise for quantum communication applications, but achieving high photon indistinguishability remains challenging. Here, the authors deterministically generate highly indistinguishable single photons in the telecom C-band from InAs/InAlGaAs quantum dots.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Krisai et al. compare brain structure and cognitive function in elderly patients with and without atrial fibrillation using brain MRI and cognitive testing. They find that atrial fibrillation is associated with more brain lesions and lower cognitive function, but the cognitive impairment occurs primarily through direct effects of the arrhythmia rather than through brain damage.

While several advancements have been made in the use of on-demand solid-state quantum emitters for quantum communication, using them to realise a quantum relay among remote parties had not been realised so far. Here, the authors fill this gap by realising all-photonic quantum state teleportation with photons generated by distinct remote quantum dots.

The flagship paper of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Consortium describes the generation of the integrative analyses of 2,658 cancer whole genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types, the structures for international data sharing and standardized analyses, and the main scientific findings from across the consortium studies.

The scaffold protein Scribble (Scrib) has roles in PCP and tight junction formation. Here the authors show that during embryo implantation in mouse, Scrib is needed to form the avascular primary decidual zone by transforming stromal cells into an epithelial cell-like barrier around the crypt, protecting the embryo from harmful infiltrations.

Trapped ions are promising for studies of atomic and quantum physics, but their need for radiofrequency fields poses numerous technical limitations. Huber et al.present an approach using far-off-resonance optical traps, circumventing radiofrequency fields to improve on photon scattering and recoil heating.

Hund’s exchange interaction energy in two-dimensional materials is challenging to extract from experiments. Now, this is achieved in rhombohedral graphene, which allows an estimate of the interactions that drive the variety of correlated states in this material.

Future quantum technologies will need to be integrated with existing fibre networks, so compatible sources of photons are needed. Towards this aim, Jayakumar et al. present a source of time-bin entangled photons using biexciton–exciton cascade in quantum dots.

The assumption that light sources based on radiative cascades provide maximally polarization-entangled photons is not always correct. Here the authors show experimentally in cavity-embedded quantum dots that photon polarization correlates with its emission mode, impacting the degree of entanglement for emitted photon pairs.

Pathology-oriented multiplexing (PathoPlex) represents a framework for widespread access to multiplexed imaging and computational image analysis of clinical specimens at a relatively high throughput and subcellular resolution.

In transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers, the spin and valley degrees of freedom are strongly coupled. Here, the authors engineer a WSe₂/MoSe₂ heterostructure in which inter-valley transitions of interlayer excitons exhibit a giant splitting and near-unity polarization in a magnetic field.

Here the authors provide a deep tissue analysis of patients with autoimmune kidney diseases, identifying a conserved spatiotemporal immune program for the development of glomerular crescents and sclerosis.

Analyses of 2,658 whole genomes across 38 types of cancer identify the contribution of non-coding point mutations and structural variants to driving cancer.

Analysis of cancer genome sequencing data has enabled the discovery of driver mutations. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium the authors present DriverPower, a software package that identifies coding and non-coding driver mutations within cancer whole genomes via consideration of mutational burden and functional impact evidence.

Podocytopathies are kidney diseases characterized by serum protein loss into the urine, and can lead to chronic kidney disease. In this Primer, the authors describe the epidemiology of this disease group, its six subtypes, diagnosis and management approaches. They also highlight effects on quality of life and future research areas.

Understanding deregulation of biological pathways in cancer can provide insight into disease etiology and potential therapies. Here, as part of the PanCancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) consortium, the authors present pathway and network analysis of 2583 whole cancer genomes from 27 tumour types.

The activity of immune cells can be regulated by the microbiome. Here, the authors show that the fatty acids pentanoate and butyrate—normally released by the microbiome—increase the anti-tumour activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and chimeric antigen receptor T cells through metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming.

Multi-omics datasets pose major challenges to data interpretation and hypothesis generation owing to their high-dimensional molecular profiles. Here, the authors develop ActivePathways method, which uses data fusion techniques for integrative pathway analysis of multi-omics data and candidate gene discovery.

The dynamic structure factor is measured in condensed matter systems via neutron scattering, but this is not applicable to ultracold atomic gases. Here, the authors show how it can be measured relying on the strongly enhanced inelastic scattering of photons off a quantum gas in an optical cavity.

Liebers and colleagues present a prospective non-interventional trial in 80 individuals with hematologic cancer investigating the potential of ex vivo drug response profiling and show it to be clinically feasible.

Roider, Baertsch et al. present a spatially resolved resource map of the T cell infiltration landscape across and within patients with distinct B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma entities.

The slit-diaphragm is a cellular junction that is crucial for blood filtration in the kidney. Kocylowski et al. show that the junction-spanning components are embedded in a protein network for dynamic control of filtration; network disturbance leads to severe filtration defects with proteinuria.

Lipid-based membranes coupled to biochemical reaction networks can be difficult to implement in vitro. Here the authors use elastin-like peptides to create self-assembled vesicle structures containing transcription-translation systems for autonomous growth.

A neural epigenetic signature detectable via plasma analyses is prognostic in patients with glioblastoma, resembling an oligodendrocyte-progenitor- and neuronal-progenitor-cell-like state and showing increased neuro-to-glioma synapse formation.

Complete sequences of chromosomes telomere-to-telomere from chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, Bornean orangutan, Sumatran orangutan and siamang provide a comprehensive and valuable resource for future evolutionary comparisons.

The authors present SVclone, a computational method for inferring the cancer cell fraction of structural variants from whole-genome sequencing data.

This article highlights the evolution in understanding of the podocyte slit diaphragm. Now appreciated as far more than a simple intercellular connection, the slit diaphragm controls the structure and function of the glomerular filtration barrier. However, several slit diaphragm properties remain unclear: its role in filtration, exact molecular structure, and the complex pathways initiated by this dynamic signalling hub.

Glomerulonephritis is a frequent complication of autoimmune diseases, and involves aberrant activation of immune cells, but the underlying insights remain unclear. Here the authors use both patient data and a mouse glomerulonephritis model to show that increased type I interferon may expand a subset of pro-inflammatory T cells for subsequent kidney pathology.

Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells reside in barrier organs, but their contribution to inflammatory processes in the kidneys is not fully known. Here authors find by single cell RNA sequencing that among the different MAIT cell subtypes found at steady state, a population with MAIT17 signature is expanded in both human crescentic glomerulonephritis and its mouse model, and these cells may play protective role in the disease.

Integrative analyses of transcriptome and whole-genome sequencing data for 1,188 tumours across 27 types of cancer are used to provide a comprehensive catalogue of RNA-level alterations in cancer.

IL-23 promotes tumor growth in preclinical cancer models and correlates with adverse clinical outcomes. Here, Becher and colleagues find that IL-23 produced by tumor-associated macrophages stabilizes T_reg cell identity, promoting immunosuppression and tumor growth.

Researchers report the direct observation of ultrafast magnetic dynamics using the magnetic component of highly intense terahertz wave pulses with a time resolution of 8 fs. This concept provides a universal ultrafast method of visualizing magnetic excitations in the electronic ground state.

Whole-genome sequencing data from more than 2,500 cancers of 38 tumour types reveal 16 signatures that can be used to classify somatic structural variants, highlighting the diversity of genomic rearrangements in cancer.

Viral pathogen load in cancer genomes is estimated through analysis of sequencing data from 2,656 tumors across 35 cancer types using multiple pathogen-detection pipelines, identifying viruses in 382 genomic and 68 transcriptome datasets.

An analysis of 2,954 genomes from 38 cancer subtypes identified 19,166 retrotransposition events in 35% of samples. Aberrant LINE-1 retrotranspositions can lead to the deletion of tumor-suppressor genes as well as the amplification of oncogenes.

With the generation of large pan-cancer whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing projects, a question remains about how comparable these datasets are. Here, using The Cancer Genome Atlas samples analysed as part of the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes project, the authors explore the concordance of mutations called by whole exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing techniques.

A pan-cancer genomic analysis reports the effects of structural variations on chromatin domains (TADs). Most TAD disruptions do not result in appreciable changes in expression of nearby genes.

Whole-genome sequencing data for 2,778 cancer samples from 2,658 unique donors across 38 cancer types is used to reconstruct the evolutionary history of cancer, revealing that driver mutations can precede diagnosis by several years to decades.

Many tumours exhibit hypoxia (low oxygen) and hypoxic tumours often respond poorly to therapy. Here, the authors quantify hypoxia in 1188 tumours from 27 cancer types, showing elevated hypoxia links to increased mutational load, directing evolutionary trajectories.

The characterization of 4,645 whole-genome and 19,184 exome sequences, covering most types of cancer, identifies 81 single-base substitution, doublet-base substitution and small-insertion-and-deletion mutational signatures, providing a systematic overview of the mutational processes that contribute to cancer development.

In this study the authors consider the structural variants (SVs) present within cancer cases of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium. They report hundreds of genes, including known cancer-associated genes for which the nearby presence of a SV breakpoint is associated with altered expression.

Cancers evolve as they progress under differing selective pressures. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, the authors present the method TrackSig the estimates evolutionary trajectories of somatic mutational processes from single bulk tumour data.

Neural mechanisms underlying representational drift are not fully understood. Here authors report that the preferred orientation of mouse visual cortex neurons drifts over time. Altering visual experience does not change drift magnitude, but rather its direction, such that neurons’ tuning matches the statistics of the environment.

There’s an emerging body of evidence to show how biological sex impacts cancer incidence, treatment and underlying biology. Here, using a large pan-cancer dataset, the authors further highlight how sex differences shape the cancer genome.

In somatic cells the mechanisms maintaining the chromosome ends are normally inactivated; however, cancer cells can re-activate these pathways to support continuous growth. Here, the authors characterize the telomeric landscapes across tumour types and identify genomic alterations associated with different telomere maintenance mechanisms.