3D printing of bioceramic-induced macrophage exosomes (BC-Exos) displayed stimulatory effects on immunomodulation, osteogenesis, and angiogenesis of macrophage (MΦs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and endothelial cells (ECs), respectively. BC-Exos enhanced the expression of chemotaxis, osteogenic and angiogenic genes by altering their miRNAs profile. 3D printing of BC-Exos offers a new cell-free strategy for tissue regeneration.
- Yuhua Sun
- Bingjun Zhang
- Chengtie Wu