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One of the most prominent features of archaea is the extraordinary diversity of their viruses. In this Review, Prangishviliet al. summarize their morphological diversity, the molecular biology of their life cycles and virus–host interactions, and discuss their evolution and their role in the global virosphere.
The Archaea was recognized as a third domain of life 40 years ago. In this Review, Emeet al. outline a brief history of the changing shape of the tree of life and examine how the recent discovery of diverse archaeal lineages has changed our understanding of the evolutionary relationships between the three domains of life and the origin of the eukaryotic cell.
Co-infection withMycobacterium tuberculosisis the leading cause of death in individuals infected with HIV-1. In this Review, Bell and Noursadeghi describe the epidemiological associations between the two pathogens, selected interactions of each pathogen with the host and our current understanding of how they affect the pathogenesis of tuberculosis and HIV-1/AIDS in individuals with co-infection.
This month's Genome Watch highlights the variation in gut microbiota across different human communities and explores how this is associated with lifestyle and diet.
Seasonal influenza viruses continue to cause epidemics each year. In this Review, Petrova and Russell discuss recent advances in understanding the molecular determinants of influenza virus immune escape, sources of evolutionary selection pressure, population dynamics of influenza viruses and prospects for better influenza virus control.
A recent study revealed howH. pyloriopens cell-to-cell junctions and traverses the gastric epithelium to bind to basolateral integrins, thereby activating the assembly and function of its type IV secretion system.
CRISPR–Cas adaptive immune systems are widespread in prokaryotes. In this Progress article, Maxwell and colleagues highlight how phages and other mobile genetic elements inactivate CRISPR–Cas systems using anti-CRISPR proteins and outline evolutionary and biotechnological implications of anti-CRISPR protein activity.
Traditional strategies to treat lung infections are based on the premise that the lung is sterile; however, it is now thought that the lung contains a resident microbiota. Here, Cooksonet al. propose that concepts flowing from the Human Microbiome Project can transform the treatment of lung infections.
A recent study investigated the structural dynamics of a matrix protein ofVibrio choleraebiofilms and examined how this protein modulates the architecture of the biofilm.
In a recent study, Takataet al. show that viral CG suppression is key for the replication of HIV-1 and that the zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP), by specifically binding to CG-rich RNA sequences, can identify non-self RNAs and target them for degradation.
An improved understanding of the origins and spread of drug-resistant bacteria, as well as the identification of novel antimicrobial compounds and new drug combinations, will facilitate the development of better dosing regimens and novel strategies to manage drug resistance and prevent the dissemination of resistant bacteria.
