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Radiation and conduction are generally considered as the main energy transport mechanisms for the evolution of early supernova remnants. Here the authors experimentally show the role of electron heat transfer on the growth of Rayleigh–Taylor instability in young supernova remnants.

MedHELM, an extensible evaluation framework including a new taxonomy for classifying medical tasks and a benchmark of many datasets across these categories, enables the evaluation of large language models on real-world clinical tasks.

Global Burden of Disease estimates show that between 1990 and 2023, the prevalence and burden of drug use disorders, inclusive of amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opioid use, have been increasing in high-income countries, particularly in the USA.

This study utilized a longitudinal cohort of adolescents to identify distinct brain signatures linked to ADHD symptom trajectories, revealing that specific cortical and subcortical changes correlate with symptom persistence, remission and emergence, enhancing predictive capabilities for ADHD outcomes.

Deep brain stimulation tuned to cue-reactivity within the nucleus accumbens region reduced drug cravings, heralding an evocation-based programming strategy for opioid use disorder.

Achieving toroidal magnetic moments in molecular systems is challenging. Now homochiral toroidal magnetic ground states have been realized in propeller-shaped chiral Dy(III)-based single-molecule toroics, enabling toroidal spin states to be detected through magneto-chiral dichroism.

The depiction of crop exposure to heat stress is fundamental for reliably quantifying extreme-heat-induced yield loss and crop failure. Using more than 130,000 subnational yield records, this study estimated spatially explicit extreme degree day thresholds for maize and soybean across major Northern Hemisphere breadbaskets, revealing strong geographic heterogeneity.

The transcription factor ATF4 and its effector lipocalin 2 (LCN2) have a key role in immune evasion and tumour progression, and targeting the ATF4–LCN2 axis might provide a way to treat several types of solid tumour by increasing anti-cancer immunity.

Protein citrullination is linked to autoimmunity and inflammation but is challenging to detect globally. Here, the authors report a high-throughput chemical proteomics workflow and demonstrate its utility by quantifying the dynamic citrullinome in human neutrophils.

The detection of forsterite and enstatite emissions in EC 53 during accretion bursts marks one of the first pieces of direct evidence of in situ silicate crystallization in young stars.

This research identifies two neural factors linked to externalizing and internalizing symptoms through a longitudinal imaging-genetic cohort. Distinct neural configurations and cognitive-behavioral relevance highlight the need for tailored therapeutic strategies addressing psychiatric comorbidity across developmental stages.

A flexible, floating microelectrode array that has a reconfigurable spiral thread design can be used to create large-scale, long-term brain–computer interfaces in the primate brain.

2D transition metal nitrides (TMNs) exhibit various interesting physical properties, such as tunable magnetism, but their synthesis remains challenging. Here, the authors report the growth of 15 different types of 2D TMN crystals with tunable magnetic properties by using metastable metal chlorides as transient templates.

People often form beliefs and reason about evidence as members of social groups. Here, the authors show that group membership biases even young children’s evaluation of evidence, leading them to adopt inaccurate group beliefs.

In mice, a SPOCD1–TPR-dependent ‘nowhere-to-hide’ mechanism is required for complete non-stochastic piRNA-directed LINE1 DNA methylation by preventing transposons from escaping surveillance within heterochromatin.

The phase 2/3 DEVOTE trial demonstrated that high-dose nusinersen significantly improved motor function and was safe in patients with spinal muscular atrophy, compared with a matched sham control.

This study applies machine learning to fMRI data to map developmental variations in functional connectivity, uncovering heterogeneity across individuals and cortical regions that predicts neurocognitive maturation in youth.

Phosphorylation-dephosphorylation and ubiquitination tune TCR signaling to avoid self-reactivity. Kim and colleagues show that acetylation also modulates TCR signaling.

Nuzum et al. used cross-sectional data from the UK PROTECT study to evaluate the relationship between high autistic traits and suicidality in older adults.

Breaking away from the utopian assumption that the international community will agree on a single emissions allocation scheme, this study assesses approaches to setting country-level mitigation targets in line with the 2 °C goal.

DeepRare—a multi-agent system for rare disease differential diagnosis decision support powered by large language models, integrating specialized tools and up-to-date knowledge sources—has the potential to reduce healthcare disparities in rare disease diagnosis.

Here, the authors find that time-varying brain network analysis better captures cognitive processing than static methods and reveals network measurement linked to task performance and psychopathology that offer precise neural markers for mental health risks.

Using 63 globally distributed grassland and shrubland sites from the International Drought Experiment, this study identified plant traits linked to drought resistance after 1 year of extreme drought across growth forms, lifespans and climate.

Mucosal administration of a multivalent, adjuvanted vaccine against Clostridioides difficile promoted bacterial clearance and protected against morbidity, mortality, tissue damage and recurrence in mice.

The sub-continental lithospheric mantle passively degasses volatiles to Earth’s surface, including from regions unaffected by volcanism, according to a study of helium and argon isotopes in young groundwater.

This multi-omic longitudinal analysis of the healthy human peripheral immune system constructs the Human Immune Health Atlas and assembles data on immune cell composition and state changes with age, including responses to cytomegalovirus infection and influenza vaccination.

Accumulation of senescent cells is associated with age-related diseases. Here, the authors present a prodrug nanoplatform to trigger ferroptosis specifically and exclusively in senescent cells.

Shang, Zhao, Ying and colleagues report that the mechanosensor PIEZO1 senses blood shear stress in hematopoietic stem cells, driving proliferation and myeloid bias. This axis links mechanical force to inflammation-induced aging, and PIEZO1 emerges as a potential therapeutic target.

Huot et al. investigate the differences in natural killer (NK) cells in lymph nodes during pathogenic and nonpathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of cynomolgus macaques and African green monkeys (AGMs), respectively. Their findings suggest that NK cells are specifically recruited to follicles in AGMs and regulate SIV replication in the lymph node.

Here, the authors show that brain dynamics mature from childhood to adulthood with increased hierarchical propagation and reduced visual-somatomotor dynamics. Top-down hierarchical flow strengthens throughout this developmental period.

Guided by density functional theory, a commercially viable refractory alloy is developed, which exhibits excellent room-temperature ductility and strength, and high strength at elevated temperatures.

Targeted ablation of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) signalling in CAR T cells enhances their activity in PGE₂-rich solid tumours, with demonstrations of efficacy in vitro, in mouse xenografts and in patient-derived organotypic tumour spheroids.

This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials indicates that social safety nets can improve women’s economic achievements and agency. Pooled treatment effects are largest for unconditional cash transfers, public work programmes, social care services and asset transfers.

Non-pharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19 also reduced circulation of endemic viruses which may have led to immune waning. Here, the authors use multiplex serology data from King County, Washington, US to characterise age-specific changes in antibody levels to a range of endemic viruses during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Documents that lay out a research group’s ethos and practical guidelines are becoming increasingly popular in the academic community.