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Lipid particles loaded with RNA coding for tumour-unspecific antigens can enhance early responses of type-I interferons, mediating the success of immune checkpoint inhibitors as well as epitope spreading.

Immune tolerance to food is mediated by CD4⁺ T cells forming subsets of T helper cells lacking the capacity to trigger gut pathology but able to produce regulatory T cells that may suppress it.

A study finds that a protease called granzyme K can activate the entire complement cascade, explaining how it can drive destructive inflammation in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.

Reduced fitness of the tumor microenvironment is mediated by a long non-coding RNA expressed in tumors.

The pathogenic function of XBP1-expressing astrocytes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis have been studied using FIND-seq, a new method combining microfluidics cytometry, PCR-based detection of nucleic acids and cell sorting for in-depth single-cell transcriptomics analyses of rare cells.

Drugs that inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF) provide considerable benefit in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA); however, there is an unmet medical need for alternative therapies with higher clinical benefit and lower safety risk and cost. The potential to treat RA by targeting TNF-converting enzyme, which promotes the release of soluble TNF from its membrane-bound precursor, is outlined in this Review.

Fibroblasts play critical roles in tissue homeostasis, but in pathologic states they can drive fibrosis, inflammation, and tissue destruction. Here, Faust et al. find that healthy human synovial fibroblasts under the influence of adjacent adipocytes have altered lipid metabolism driven by cortisol signaling. Both adipocytes and these characteristics are lost in inflammatory arthritis.

Biochemical and lipidomic analyses identify an anti-ferroptotic function of vitamin K and reveal ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1) as the enzyme mediating warfarin-resistant vitamin K reduction in the canonical vitamin K cycle.

Dendritic cells in mice lacking NLRP10 are defective in exiting inflamed tissue, leading to impaired adaptive immunity; this could have a profound impact on the approach to treating allergic and autoimmune diseases.

Multivalent nanobodies against SARS-CoV-2 from mice engineered to produce camelid nanobodies recognize conserved epitopes that are inaccessible to human antibodies and show promise as a strategy for dealing with viral escape mutations.

Mice engineered to express the entire human variable immunoglobulin region enable rapid isolation of high-affinity antibodies specific for antigens of interest.

The kinase mTOR has emerged as an important regulator of helper T cell differentiation. Powell and co-workers show that the mTOR complex mTORC1 selectively regulates T_H1 and T_H17 differentiation, whereas mTORC2 signaling is required for T_H2 differentiation.

The ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider reports a search for charged-lepton-flavour violation in decays of Z bosons into a τ lepton and an electron or muon of opposite charge.

Lipophilic siRNA conjugates exert therapeutic activity in the mouse CNS.

Osteoporosis and bone fractures affect millions of patients worldwide and are often due to increased bone resorption. Here the authors identify the cytoplasmic protein ELMO1 as an important ‘signaling node’ promoting the bone resorption function of osteoclasts.

An aged, senescent immune system has a causal role in driving systemic ageing, and the targeting of senescent immune cells with senolytic drugs has the potential to suppress morbidities associated with old age.

The palaeogenomic analysis of a pre-Neolithic skeleton associated with a Toalean burial context from Wallacea.

Macrophage inflammation promotes insulin resistance during diet-induced obesity. Here the authors show that macrophage NOC4L is decreased in humans and mice with obesity, that macrophage NOC4L deficiency aggravated high-fat diet induced inflammation and insulin resistance, and that NOC4L interacts with toll-like receptor 4, to inhibit endocytosis, and thus blocks TLF4/TRIF inflammatory signaling.

Health effects of dietary restriction are uncoupled from longevity.

Millions of primary IgG-secreting cells from mouse and human are characterized for activity and antibody sequence at the single-cell level.

Observations from the Lucy spacecraft of the small main-belt asteroid (152830) Dinkinesh reveals unexpected complexity, with a longitudinal trough and equatorial ridge, as well as the discovery of the first contact binary satellite.

The ATLAS Collaboration reports the observation of the electroweak production of two jets and a Z-boson pair. This process is related to vector-boson scattering and allows the nature of electroweak symmetry breaking to be probed.

Clinical trials of BAFF blockade with belimumab have shown partial efficacy for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), so other therapeutic options are required. Here, the authors present a new small molecule inhibitor that targets NIK with a similar efficacy to BAFF inhibition in two mouse models of SLE.

Entanglement was observed in top–antitop quark events by the ATLAS experiment produced at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN using a proton–proton collision dataset with a centre-of-mass energy of √s  = 13 TeV and an integrated luminosity of 140 fb⁻¹.

The ATLAS Collaboration reports a measurement of the ratio of the decay rates of W bosons to τ leptons and muons, in agreement with universal lepton couplings as postulated in the standard model of particle physics.

Inflammation induces changes in the extracellular matrix density and composition. Fowell and colleagues show that CD4⁺ effector T cells use integrin α_V for interstitial migration on fibronectin in inflamed tissues.

Laszlovszky et al. demonstrate the presence of two types of cholinergic neurons that differ in cellular physiology, coupling with cortical oscillations, synchrony within each group, behavior performance correlates and anatomical distribution.

Distinct subsets of fibroblasts, which differ in their expression of thymus cell antigen 1 (THY1), are responsible for inflammation and tissue damage in mouse models of arthritis.

We present genome-wide data from 64 subadults interred in Chichén Itzá around ad 500–900 that gives insight into burial rituals, and shows that their genomic legacy is still present and has adapted to immune challenges post-1492.

Using a cohort of nearly 1,000 genetically diverse mice undergoing dietary restriction over the lifespan, the authors reveal numerous insights into the interactions between the gut microbiome, host genome, diet, health and longevity.

Debate continues over how best to classify cortical interneurons. Standardizing the nomenclature used to describe these cells might aid classification efforts. Here, a committee of interneuron researchers propose a standardized set of terms to describe the morphological, molecular and physiological features of an interneuron.

Biochemical and structural approaches define how the chaperone TAPBPR interacts with MR1 molecules, including empty and ligand-loaded MR1, and facilitates presentation of metabolite-derived antigen ligands by MR1 complexes.

Ten years after the discovery of the Higgs boson, the ATLAS  experiment at CERN probes its kinematic properties with a significantly larger dataset from 2015–2018 and provides further insights on its interaction with other known particles.

Acetylcholine (ACh) release in the central nervous system is thought to be unitary and mediated non-synaptically in volume transmission. Here, Takács and colleagues show cholinergic terminals juxtapose GABAergic synapses anatomically and functionally, and GABA and ACh molecules are co-transmitted.

Near-Earth asteroid Bennu has a top-like shape with longitudinal ridges, macroporosity, prominent boulders and surface mass wasting, suggesting that it is a stiff rubble pile, according to early observations by the OSIRIS-REx mission.

Campisi and colleagues show that the MTOR inhibitor rapamycin blocks the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) by inhibiting translation of IL1A, which prevents senescent fibroblasts from promoting tumour growth.

Quantum electrodynamics predicts a rare process in which light is scattered by light. The ATLAS Collaboration reports signs of this elusive effect in the collisions of ultra-relativistic lead ions.

Gene-expression studies are used to elucidate the relationship between cholesterol regulation and angiogenesis: apolipoprotein A-1 binding protein (AIBP) is found to enhance cholesterol influx from endothelial cells to high-density lipoprotein, and the resulting cholesterol depletion alters membrane lipid order in the vasculature, leading to decreased vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signalling.

Vicinity of small bodies might be dangerous to the spacecrafts and to their instrumentation. Here the authors show the operational environment of asteroid Bennu, validate its photometric phase function and demonstrate the accelerating rotational rate due to YORP effect using the data acquired during the approach phase of OSIRIS-REx mission.

Bennu’s surface has experienced continuous changes, mostly induced by its accelerating spin rate, which could have resulted in a collapse of its interior in the past. This scenario is also supported by the heterogeneity of Bennu’s internal mass distribution.