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Markov, Ren, Senkow and colleagues report that in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, alveolar T cell interferon responses targeting structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins characterized patients who recovered, whereas responses against nonstructural proteins and activation of NF-κB were associated with poor outcomes.

Marker enrichment modeling (MEM) provides an objective metric for characterizing cell populations from high-content single-cell analysis. The MEM score outperforms standard metrics and provides a machine-readeable label for cell subsets.

A perspective is given on how an electrocatalytic approach, inspired by decades of energy storage studies, can be used in the context of efficient cobalt-hydride generation with a variety of applications in modern organic synthesis.

Asthma is often characterized by Th2-mediated inflammatory responses, which are initiated by lung dendritic cells. Here, Williams et al.demonstrate that dendritic cell expression of transcription factor IRF4 drives Th2 differentiation through IL-33 and IL-10 activation.

Espanola et al. show in zebrafish that Supt16h, a component of the FACT complex, regulates HSC development through an increase of p53, which promotes expression of phc1, a transcriptional repressor of Notch.

To avoid autoimmunity against the microbiome, plants use PHYTOSULFOKINE RECEPTOR 1-mediated regulation of salicylic acid signalling to tune the plant growth–defence balance in response to microbiota.

The neurophysiological mechanisms of deep brain stimulation remain poorly understood. Through fluorescence voltage imaging of individual hippocampal neurons in awake mice, the authors show that deep brain stimulation causes membrane depolarization that impairs a neuron’s ability to respond to intrinsic network activity patterns and optogenetic somatic depolarization, thereby creating an informational lesion.

Jameson and colleagues show that the establishment of resident memory CD8⁺ T cells in nonlymphoid tissues requires transcriptional downregulation of the trafficking molecule S1P₁, mediated by induced loss of the transcription factor KLF2.

The goals, resources and design of the NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) programme are described, and analyses of rare variants detected in the first 53,831 samples provide insights into mutational processes and recent human evolutionary history.

Although many genetic variants are known for obesity, their function remains largely unknown. Here, in a weight-loss intervention cohort, the authors identify protein quantitative trait loci associated with BMI at baseline and after weight loss and find FAM46A to be a regulator of leptin in adipocytes.

RNA editing is a biological process that creates sequence variation. Here the authors show that peptides generated as a consequence of RNA editing are naturally presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and serve as antigens to elicit anti-tumour immune responses.

Cell-cell adhesion mediated by catenin-cadherin complexes plays a critical role in translating the mechanical forces into physiological responses. Here the authors define a mechanism of force-dependent cadherin-actin linkage dynamically regulated through the actin-binding domain of α-catenin.

ARID1A and other SWI/SNF components are critical for response to estrogen-receptor antagonists in breast cancer. SWI/SNF-specific gene knockouts lead to drug resistance and ARID1A mutations are more frequent in resistant tumors from patients.

Mechanistic study using calcium imaging reveals prominent and distinct neuronal responses evoked by kilohertz electrical stimulation compared to conventional clinical neuromodulation frequencies.

Cleared-tissue axially swept light-sheet microscopy (ctASLM) enables high-speed, refraction index-independent imaging of live, cleared and expanded samples with isotropic, submicron resolution.

A high-resolution reference panel based on whole-genome sequencing data enables accurate imputation of HLA alleles across diverse populations and fine-mapping of HLA association signals for HIV-1 host response.

Genetically encoded fluorescent-protein-tagged actin nanobodies fused to organelle membrane-targeting sequences enables high-resolution imaging of transient organelle–actin contact sites in live cells.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a distinctive cell envelope that contributes to its resistance against the human immune system and antibiotic therapy. In this Review, Dulberger, Rubin and Boutte discuss mycobacterial cell envelope dynamics and their relevance for infection and drug treatment.

Treatment with signalling precursors of trehalose-6-phosphate allows light-triggered release of trehalose-6-phosphate in Arabidopsis thaliana and increases the yield and drought resistance of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum).

The formation mechanism of abundant calcium oxalate biomaterials is unresolved. Here the authors show the early stages of calcium oxalate formation in pure and citrate-bearing solutions by using a titration set-up in conjunction with solution quenching, transmission electron microscopy and analytical ultracentrifugation.

Yeh et al. explore the effects of restricting dietary protein, or isoleucine specifically, in aged mice. They uncover benefits to metabolic health and certain indicators of aging and a sexually dimorphic effect on the heart.

COVID-19 can be associated with neurological complications. Here the authors show that markers of brain injury, but not immune markers, are elevated in the blood of patients with COVID-19 both early and months after SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly in those with brain dysfunction or neurological diagnoses.

Circulating lipoprotein(a) is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and shows variability between different ethnic groups. Here, Zekavat et al. perform whole-genome sequencing in individuals of European and African ancestries and find ancestry-specific genetic determinants for lipoprotein(a) levels.

Predicted responses to climate change may be informed by evolutionary history. Here, the authors reconstruct the phylogeny of lacertid lizards and investigate how the evolution of this clade has varied with paleoclimates and how closely adapted extant species are to modern climates.

Common genetic variants associated with plasma lipids have been extensively studied for a better understanding of common diseases. Here, the authors use whole-genome sequencing of 16,324 individuals to analyze rare variant associations and to determine their monogenic and polygenic contribution to lipid traits.

A study of a stem cell receptor–ligand signaling module across tomato, maize and Arabidopsis identifies different genetic mechanisms of compensation that contribute to homeostasis.

When is a calorie not just a calorie? In the current issue of Nature Metabolism, Roy et al. use recombinant inbred strains of mice to investigate the role of genetic background in the response to dietary fat. Notably, both lifespan and weight gain have been found to be highly dependent on genotype, thus highlighting the need for a personalized approach to dietary interventions.

Openshaw and colleagues find myeloid inflammation and complement activation signatures in patients with long COVID who were previously hospitalized.

Nanometre-scale cracks in a hydrophobic surface coating applied to hydrocarbon proton-exchange fuel-cell membranes work as tiny valves, delaying water desorption and maintaining ion conductivity in the membrane on dehumidification.

Nucleus accumbens, low-frequency, responsive deep brain stimulation improved self-control of food intake and weight loss in two patients with binge eating disorder and severe obesity

Mice subjected to an aberrant daily light cycle that still maintain the circadian timing system are shown to exhibit increased depression-like behaviours and disruptions in synaptic plasticity and cognitive function.