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A draft map of the human proteome is presented here, accounting for over 80% of the annotated protein-coding genes in humans; some novel protein-coding regions, including translated pseudogenes, non-coding RNAs and upstream open reading frames, are identified.

Comparison of hexagonal boron nitride samples grown with different techniques and with varying carbon-doping content provides evidence that the defects emitting single photons in the visible range are carbon related.

Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their ephrin ligands mediate cell-cell communication. Here, the authors assess the structure and dynamics of the EphA2 intracellular region and uncover complex effects of phosphorylation within the linker region between EphA2 kinase and SAM domains.

Double membrane vesicles (DMV) are used as replication organelles by several RNA viruses. Applying proteomics and lipidomics, Tabata and Prasad et al. find that two cellular acyltransferases (AGPAT1/2), responsible for synthesis of phosphatidic acid, play a role in the DMV-biogenesis of HCV and SARS-CoV-2, highlighting a common biogenesis mechanism for evolutionary distant positive-strand RNA viruses.

By now a plethora of ultrathin hydrophobic coatings are available but their durability are not well developed. Here, the authors present a thin, durable and fluorine-free PDMS-based vitrimer coating that implements many desirable aspects like energy efficiency, durability and sustainability.

LKB1 tumour suppressor gene is frequently mutated in lung adenocarcinoma. Here the authors show that in genetically engineered mouse models of lung cancer Lkb1 restoration induces growth arrest and drives neoplastic cells toward a more differentiated and less proliferative alveolar type II cell-like state via C/EBP-mediated reprogramming.

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a pediatric malignancy of skeletal muscle lineage with an aggressive subtype caused by translocations involving PAX3- /PAX7-FOXO1 chimeric transcription factors. Here the authors show that the BRG1-containing BAF complex is overexpressed and acts largely independently of the PAX3-FOXO1 chimera on chromatin to result in a myogenic differentiation blockade in this malignancy.

Cryo-electron microscopy structures of ligand-free, agonist-bound and antagonist-bound Ste2 show that this class D1 G protein-coupled receptor has a distinct mechanism of activation compared with other receptor classes.

Various GPCRs display constitutive ligand-independent activity, but it remains unclear whether ligand-dependent and -independent conformations differ. Here the authors demonstrate the recognition and blocking of G protein recruitment of either the ligand-bound active, or the constitutively active apo-conformation of the viral GPCR US28 by different nanobodies that target similar intracellular loops of the receptor.

Polymers with low ceiling temperatures (Tc) are highly desirable as they can depolymerize under mild conditions, but they typically suffer from demanding synthetic conditions and poor stability. Here, the authors envision that this challenge can be addressed by developing high-Tc polymers that can be converted into low-Tc polymers on demand.

IgA⁺ B cells expressing programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and interleukin 10 accumulate in the inflamed livers of humans and mice with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease where they promote the progression to hepatocellular carcinoma by limiting the local activation of PD-1-expressing CD8⁺ T cells.

In a phase 2 trial, the combination of chemotherapy with durvalumab, an anti-PD-L1 antibody, exhibited promising clinical activity in patients with previously untreated, unresectable mesothelioma, with additional analyses providing insights into genomic and immunologic features potentially associated with response.

Tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) within mitochondria hydrolyses phosphocreatine to initiate a futile cycle of creatine dephosphorylation and phosphorylation in thermogenic fat cells.

Generally, ferroelectricity in ABO₃ perovskites is suppressed by hydrostatic compression, but the evidence for pressure-induced ferroelectricity remains elusive. Here, the authors find a direct ferroelectric-like structural transition induced by pressure in defect antiperovskites.

Transcription regulation requires recruitment of different epigenetic regulators to the chromatin. Here the authors provide evidence that an H3K36me3 reader PWWP2A forms a variant NuRD complex and plays a role in regulating transcription and histone acetylation dynamics.

High-throughput computation is especially useful for materials screening where synthesis is challenging. Here, it is used to construct a stability map of ternary nitrides, allowing discovery of stable compounds and providing insight into principles that govern nitride stability.

The mechanistic details of the attachment of a small protein, ubiquitin, to other proteins are unclear. Crystal structures of the complexes formed by the E2–ubiquitin and RING E3 enzymes offer new insights. See Article p.115

In the standard Si transistor gate stack, replacing conventional dielectric HfO₂ with an ultrathin ferroelectric–antiferroelectric HfO₂–ZrO₂ heterostructure exhibiting the negative capacitance effect demonstrates ultrahigh capacitance without degradation in leakage and mobility, promising for ferroelectric integration into advanced logic technology.

Jumonji-C domain containing protein 5 (JMJD5) is essential for animal development but its catalytic activity has remained elusive so far. Here the authors show that human JMJD5 is an arginyl-hydroxylase and present the cofactor, substrate and product bound JMJD5 crystal structures.

Functional screens using mouse and human primary macrophages identify regulators of distinct inflammatory states, including a role for m6A mRNA modification in TNF production.

The nuclear spin of individual atoms is polarized by the tunnelling current from a scanning tunnelling microscope tip, enabling nuclear magnetic resonance to sense the local magnetic environment.

The PsaA binding protein delivers Mn²⁺ to the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. Structural and biochemical studies now explain its metal specificity, showing that metal binding induces a closed complex that is reversible for the desired substrate but irreversible for the inhibitor Zn²⁺.

Not only the area of Néel skyrmions, but also their number and sign contribute to their Hall resistivity.

Due to its stability nitrogen is often employed as an inert gas during catalytic reactions. Now, a study shows that N₂ can act as promoter for the catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of p-cresol on supported ruthenium catalysts through the formation of hydrogenated nitrogen species acting as a source of protic hydrogen.

Scanning tunnelling microscopy shows how the interaction between electrons in graphene and atomic vacancies in a copper substrate produces Kekulé ordering — an electronic phase that breaks chiral symmetry.

Controlling electric currents on the atomic scale requires being able to handle the ultrafast timescales involved. Now, experiments have demonstrated the feasibility of terahertz scanning tunnelling microscopy as a method for doing just that.

Coordination between vesicle trafficking and osmotic solute uptake is needed for plant growth. It is regulated by the interaction between voltage sensor domains of K⁺ channels and a SNARE protein, conferring a voltage dependence on secretory traffic.

Tertiary alcohols are displaced with a nitrogen nucleophile with stereoinversion and with high selectivity over less substituted alcohols, providing complementarity to the S_N2 reaction and efficient access to nitrogenous marine terpenoids.

Silicates are abundant in the Earth’s crust but their high-pressure solution chemistry has not been studied by NMR. Here the complexation chemistry of aqueous silicates is studied at pressures of up to 1.8 GPa by ²⁹Si NMR spectroscopy.

Familial cortical myoclonic tremor with epilepsy (FAME) is a slowly progressing cortical tremor mapping to various genomic loci, including intronic expansions in SAMD12 for FAME1. Here, Florian et al. describe mixed intronic TTTTA/TTTCA expansions of various lengths in the first intron of MARCH6 as a cause of FAME3.

DNA and RNA G-quadruplexes can stack to form higher-order structures called G-wires. Here the authors report high-resolution AFM images of higher-order DNA G-quadruplexes in aqueous solution that could impact the design of G-wire based nanodevices and the understanding of G-wires in biology.

Cigliola et al. show that β-cell loss activates insulin production in a small number of α-cells and that insulin and Hedgehog signalling actively maintain and enforce the α-cell fate.

Aging induces cardiovascular disease, but which RNA molecules control cardiac aging is poorly understood. Here the authors identified the aging-regulated non-coding RNA Sarrah, which controls cardiomyocyte survival and cardiac function by inducing cardioprotective genes.

Porous liquids promise to combine the advantages of the porosity of solids with those of the fluidity of liquids. Now, a permanently porous ionic-liquid coordination cage has been assembled that encapsulates isomers of butanol and propanol with some size and shape selectivity, as well as three gaseous chlorofluorocarbons with a size-dependent affinity.

Genomes and phenotypes of interspecific yeast hybrids isolated from breweries reveal hybridization between Saccharomyces species followed by adaptation to specific beer styles.

Policy-makers in developing countries should not be swayed by the politicized arguments dominant in Europe, say Christopher J. M. Whitty and colleagues.

To follow in situ and in real time how catalyst surfaces respond to gas composition changes is a challenge. This study reports on an eventaveraging method, based on cyclic gas pulsing and software-based image recognition, that overcomes the challenge for large photoelectron spectroscopy datasets.

Bipolarons - two electrons or holes localized on the same molecule - are generally considered negligible in organic electronic devices. Dhanker et al. show that large bipolaron densities can exist near electrode interfaces and that they are linked to the phenomenon of unipolar organic magnetoresistance.

Photodetectors for monitoring greenhouse gas emissions must cover the extended short-wavelength infrared range. Here, antimonide-based materials on a InP substrate enable a high-performance avalanche photodiode with detectivity beyond 2 µm wavelength.

Magnetic scattering may profoundly modify the electronic properties of a topological insulator. Here, Nam et al. report a method enabling separation of the effects of magnetic and non-magnetic scattering by decorating the surface of topological insulators with molecules.

The nature of defects in transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors is still under debate. Here, the authors determine the atomic structure and electronic properties of chalcogen-site point defects common to monolayer MoSe₂ and WS₂, and find that these are substitutional defects, where a chalcogen atom is substituted by an oxygen atom, rather than vacancies.

Structural analysis shows that cross-reactivity of the T cell receptor DMF5 is governed by adaptability of the peptide antigen, which can undergo TCR-binding-induced frameshifting forcing the peptide C terminus to extend from the MHC-binding groove.

Localized magnetic moments on surfaces can be screened through the Kondo effect by forming a correlated system with the surrounding conduction electrons. Measurements now show that the orientation of the magnetic moment’s spin relative to the surface has a decisive role in the physics of Kondo screening.

Relativistic Dirac fermions can be locally confirmed in nanoscale graphene quantum dots using electrostatic gating, and directly imaged using scanning tunnelling microscopy before escaping via Klein tunnelling.