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Sabatino and colleagues examine expanded CD8⁺ T cell clonotypes from a small cohort of multiple sclerosis patients. They identified several cognate peptide epitopes that derive from Epstein–Barr virus, suggesting EBV reactivation may drive pathogenesis in these patients.

Generative large language models (for example, ChatGPT and Claude) were used to score Big-Five traits from open-ended thoughts and video diaries. Large language model scores aligned with self-reports and predicted behaviour, showing personality’s expression in everyday language.

Wearable silent speech systems hold potential for restoring communication in patients suffering from speech impairments. Tang et al. report an AI-driven silent speech system for dysarthria patients, which enables zero-time-delay expression and context-aware emotion decoding-based sentence expansion.

In this study, the authors model the current mechanical properties of the seafloor of Jupiter’s icy moon Europa, and find those rocks to be too strong to allow the kind of fracturing that, on Earth, enables rock–water chemical reactions on which chemosynthetic life relies.

Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease study reveal declines in chronic respiratory disease mortality between 1990 and 2023—especially during the COVID-19 pandemic—but the burdens on people affected remain substantial.

Down syndrome (DS) increases gene dosage that disrupts neurodevelopment and cognition. Using human-derived isogenic neurons, this study reveals altered network activity, synaptic dysfunction, and ion channel defects underlying DS neural impairment.

Analyzing data of the Mexican Biobank project, a new study finds regional differences in clinically relevant genetic frequencies and presents MexVar, a publicly accessible resource designed to support ancestry-informed genetic testing.

Approved antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) remain constrained by a limited repertoire of payloads with restricted modes of action. Here, the authors present phosphoramidate-based self-immolative linker units that facilitate stable attachment in serum and traceless drug release in the target cell from aliphatic and aromatic alcohols with various modes of action.

This study finds that native tree extinctions and alien naturalizations are pushing forests towards fast-growing, resource-demanding species. This global shift could affect carbon storage and ecosystem stability, highlighting the need to protect slow-growing trees.

Downsizing into the strong confinement regime can improve single-photon purity in quantum dot emitters, but often at the expense of optical stability. Here, the authors present an alternative approach leveraging electron–phonon coupling to achieve stable, room-temperature single-photon emission with enhanced purity in colloidal hybrid lead halide perovskite quantum dots.

EuCo₂Al₉ is identified as a metallic spin supersolid with high thermal conductivity, exhibiting coexisting spin orders, strong quantum fluctuations and a giant magnetocaloric effect enabling efficient sub-Kelvin refrigeration.

Three-component Fermi gases represent a versatile platform for quantum simulation, including quantum chromodynamics-like physics, pairing and few-body effects. Here the authors demonstrate control of spin imbalances and an unexpected asymmetric decay due to different three-body losses for each component, and whose microscopic mechanism remains to be understood.

Centennial-scale variations in methane carbon isotope ratios are attributed to changes in pyrogenic and biogenic sources that can be correlated with anthropogenic activities, such as varying levels of biomass burning during the period of the Roman empire and the Han dynasty, and changes in natural climate variability.

Photothermal reactions between liquid gallium and water or seawater enable hydrogen production under light exposure. The authors show that the metal can be regenerated electrochemically, supporting a reusable and sustainable cycle for hydrogen.

Wafer bonding has allowed the synthesis of twisted interfaces which support polar discontinuities in ferroelectric lithium niobate. Two-dimensional sheet conductivity arises but is suppressed when twist angles lead to interfacial lattice aperiodicity.

Rare cells are often biologically and clinically important, but their low abundance makes them challenging to study using single-cell transcriptomics. Here, the authors develop PURE-seq which integrates FACS and PIP-seq to directly sequence ultra-rare cells. It captures cells at 1 in 1,000,000 rarity, which the authors demonstrate by profiling circulating tumor cells and identifying Egr1 as a regulator of mouse hematopoietic stem cell aging.

3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3HP) is a top Department of Energy value-added chemical and precursor to bioplastics, yet cost-effective microbial bioproduction remains elusive. Here the authors establish efficient 3HP production in an acid tolerant yeast and validate its financially viability.

Early life RSV infection contributes to risk of childhood asthma. Here, the authors develop a statistical model to predict age at first RSV infection in the United States based on birthdate, demographics, and RSV surveillance data which could be used to identify groups at risk of chronic respiratory sequalae like asthma.

Chemical recycling of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) typically requires high temperatures. Here, the authors report the UV-initiated depolymerisation of PMMA at low temperatures, in non-chlorinated solvents, such as benzonitrile.

Phosphorylation-dephosphorylation and ubiquitination tune TCR signaling to avoid self-reactivity. Kim and colleagues show that acetylation also modulates TCR signaling.

Aadvanced computer simulations of three-dimensional turbulence reveal that the ab initio generation of large-scale magnetic fields is driven by shear-flow-induced jets; an analytical model is derived which reproduces the essential features of the flow- and field-generation mechanisms.

The relative contribution of lipid catabolism on fasting-induced longevity was unknown. Authors showed lifespan extension from fasting depend on silencing lipid catabolism upon nutrient replenishment through phosphorylation of NHR-49 by KIN-19.

Affinity-proteomics platforms often yield poorly correlated measurements. Here, the authors show that protein-altering variants drive a portion of inter-platform inconsistency and that accounting for genetic variants can improve concordance of protein measures and phenotypic associations across ancestries.

Climate change can alter when and how animals grow, breed, and migrate, but it is unclear whether this allows populations to persist. This global study shows that shifts in seasonal timing are key to helping vertebrate species maintain population growth under global warming.

APOBEC deaminases restrict retroviruses but can also mutate human DNA. Here, the authors show that cancerassociated APOBEC3s with low RNA binding, known to enter the nucleus, are selectively recognized by E3 ligases and degraded, eliminating harmful nuclear enzymes, and limiting genome mutation.

This study reveals that the ability to maintain a stable body weight predicts longevity in mice. By tracking weight dynamics throughout life, the authors identify genetic loci linked to body weight, energy homeostasis and healthy aging.

The structure and functioning of soil food webs between biomes remains unknown. Here, tropical soil food webs are shown to have higher energy flux, predation and herbivory than temperate soil food webs which are based on litter and microbial biomass.

Lipopeptides are used to combat drug-resistant infections, but drawbacks limit their application. Here, Lim et al. contrast the mechanisms of lipopeptides that are superficially similar yet disrupt membranes in distinctly different ways.

An alternative mating system, termed parasex, produces progeny with high levels of genotypic diversity and is able to fulfil the roles of meiosis when it is absent in the fungal pathobiont Candida albicans.

Floquet engineering is often limited by weak light–matter coupling and heating. Now it is shown that exciton-driven fields in monolayer semiconductors produce stronger, longer-lived Floquet effects and reveal hybridization linked to excitonic phases.

Hole spin qubits in germanium have seen significant advancements, though improving control and noise resilience remains a key challenge. Here, the authors realize a dressed singlet-triplet qubit in germanium, achieving frequency-modulated high-fidelity control and a tenfold increase in coherence time.

How neuron-level interactions produce complex cognitive behavior remains unclear. Here, the authors develop a brain circuit mechanistic model based on physiological computation, that uncovers an unexpected neural code, subsequently validated by empirical data.

Woven lattices offer a pathway to highly compliant and tunable mechanical metamaterials. Here, authors present a geometric design framework for woven lattices that encodes topology and compliance, allowing for arbitrary complexity and enabling programmable large-deformation and failure responses.

Here the authors perform longitudinal sampling of lymphoid organs along with fate mapping and matched single-cell RNA sequencing and TCR sequencing to define the developmental dynamics of follicular regulatory T (T_FR) cells. They find that T_FR cells undergo clonal expansion and progressive differentiation in a process that requires follicular helper T cells.

Schiattarella and colleagues propose a framework linking heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease as interconnected syndromes rather than coincidental comorbidities. The authors delineate shared metabolic, inflammatory and endocrine drivers and propose a shift towards coordinated strategies and integrated clinical algorithms to improve prevention, risk stratification, early detection and co-management of these disorders.

To enable a sensed RNA to activate diverse RNA effectors, the authors engineer a programmable dual-site ribozyme that, upon RNA trigger binding, self-cleaves to release an embedded RNA. It enables trigger-dependent release of diverse ncRNAs and controls CRISPR-Cas9 editing in zebrafish and human cells.

With its attribution to Paranthropus, a 2.6-million-year-old partial mandible expands the range of the genus into the Afar region of Ethiopia and adds to our understanding of hominin evolution in eastern Africa.

Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

Genomic analyses applied to 14 childhood- and adult-onset psychiatric disorders identifies five underlying genomic factors that explain the majority of the genetic variance of the individual disorders.

A single-cell epigenomic atlas of human immune cells highlights cell-type-specific features associated with genetic or environmental exposures.

The distinct architecture of the Escherichia coli membrane transporter LetA mediates lipid trafficking across the bacterial envelope in partnership with the tunnel-like complex LetB.

Multi-omics and genetic models show that CGG repeat toxicity in GABAergic neurons drives FXTAS pathology and identify PRKCG as a critical modifier and potential therapeutic target.

Culos, Manas et al. construct machine learning surrogate frailty metrics from activity data collected in a nominally intrusive manner. They show that a limited amount of activity data is necessary to model frailty metrics allowing for an increased proliferation of their application along with a robust source of data for other age-related outcomes.

The highest-quality JWST spectra reveal that little red dots are young supermassive black holes shrouded in dense cocoons of ionized gas, where electron scattering, not Doppler motions, broadens their spectral lines.

This study quantifies Brazil’s soil carbon debt (1.40 Pg C) and demonstrates that improved agricultural practices enhance carbon recovery. The findings reveal Brazil’s significant capacity to mitigate emissions and influence global carbon markets.

One of three back-to-back papers to show that dosage of BACH2 can modulate T cell differentiation and function and how we might apply this to enhance CAR T cell therapies for cancer.

In vitro models using tissue-specific progenitors recapitulate the lumen with gland-like structures and functional characteristics of the human stomach epithelium in a patient-specific disease model.