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Authors present results from a national surveillance in Japan that found MRSA strains causing bloodstream infections are predominantly from three clonal lineages. They also identified the emergence of highest 30-day-mortality MRSA clone ST764-SCCmecII and traced its evolutionary path.

On the basis of the whole-genome sequences of cultivated and wild hops, this study describes the evolution of sex chromosomes, including degeneration and dosage compensation, and identifies a candidate gene for the X–A balance sex-determination system in these species.

To mark the 20th anniversary of Nature Reviews Neuroscience, in this Viewpoint article we asked some of the researchers who have authored pieces published in the journal in recent years for their views on how the field, and their areas within it, have developed over the past two decades.

A new tyrannosauroid, Khankhuuluu mongoliensis gen. et sp. nov., from lower Upper Cretaceous deposits of Mongolia provides a new perspective on eutyrannosaurian origins and evolution.

Chandelier cells organize neural coding and mediate learning by establishing inhibitory circuit motifs over individual pyramidal neurons and suppressing irrelevant activity via adaptive axo-axonic synaptic plasticity, subserving efficient computation.

A detailed reconstruction of the calcium carbonate compensation depth—at which calcium carbonate is dissolved—in the equatorial Pacific Ocean over the past 53 million years shows that it tracks ocean cooling, increasing as the ocean cools.

Reduction of pollen grain number is widespread in selfing plants, but the determining gene is unknown. Here, the authors show that a ribosome-biogenesis factor encoding gene RDP1 is responsible for adaptive reduction of male gamete number in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Tissue clearing has revolutionised histology, but limited penetration of antibodies and stains into thick tissue segments is still a bottleneck. Here, the authors characterise optically cleared tissue as an electrolyte gel and apply this knowledge to stain the entirety of thick tissue samples.

Takashi Gakuhari, Shigeki Nakagome et al. report the genomic analysis on a 2.5 kya individual from the ancient Jomon culture in present-day Japan. Phylogenetic analysis with comparison to other Eurasian sequences suggests early migration patterns in Asia and provides insight into the genetic affinities between peoples of the region.

Genome sequencing and analyses of common buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum, reveal the genetic architecture of heterostyly, show that southeast Tibet played a key role in the domestication and provide new genetic materials for buckwheat breeding.

Analyses of 2,658 whole genomes across 38 types of cancer identify the contribution of non-coding point mutations and structural variants to driving cancer.

Large-area two-dimensional materials can be transferred at low temperatures and without solvents using conformable tapes whose adhesive force varies with ultraviolet illumination, allowing transfer to various planar and non-planar substrates.

RAS, identified over 30 years ago as a potent oncogene, is one of the most commonly mutated genes in cancer. Here the authors show that KR12, an alkylating reagent that specifically cleaves the DNA coding for the G12D and G12V activated variants of KRAS, limits the growth of KRAS mutant cells in vitro and in vivo.

Atomic distribution in high-pressure water ice are directly observed, via neutron powder structure analysis, found hydrogen bonds become symmetric at pressures about 80 GPa, marking the transition from ice VII to ice X.

Multilayers of hexagonal boron nitride can be grown using a chemical vapour deposition process on iron–nickel foil and integrated into a large array of graphene devices that exhibit room-temperature carrier mobilities of up to around 10,000 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹.

Transgenic mice that overexpress calcineurin develop cardiac hypertrophy, which can be prevented by treatment with immunosuppressive drugs that inhibit calcineurin.

Using biobank data from over 250,000 participants, the authors present a detailed picture of regional and individual variation in the tripartite ancestral structure of modern Japanese populations and demonstrate its impact on elevated body mass index.

A newly developed PET tracer allows visualization of AMPA receptors in the living human brain, providing a new tool to study their potential involvement in neurological or psychiatric disorders.

Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) is still not well understood. Here the authors provide patient reported outcomes from 590 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and show association of PASC with higher respiratory SARS-CoV-2 load and circulating antibody titers, and in some an elevation in circulating fibroblast growth factor 21.

Sequencing the genomes of two enteropneusts reveals complex genomic organization and developmental innovation in the ancestor of deuterostomes, a group of animals including echinoderms (starfish and their relatives) and chordates (which includes humans).

The various costs of photosynthesis were estimated by comparing photoautotrophic and heterotrophic cells of a unicellular red alga Galdieria partita. This alga reduces the costs in response to the availability of external organic carbon sources.

The dynamic friction along faults controls earthquake ruptures in the crust, but many previous studies have quantified this value only for constant slip rates. Experiments accounting for the more realistic condition of changing slip rates suggest that faults undergo a sequence of strengthening, weakening and healing during acceleration and deceleration of slip.

Here, the authors report a study of the structural properties of intercalated alkali metals in bilayer graphene and graphite via low-voltage scanning transmission electron microscopy, providing mechanistic insights for the development of energy storage applications.

Thermal imaging data obtained from the spacecraft Hayabusa2 reveal that the carbonaceous asteroid 162173 Ryugu is an object of unusually high porosity.

Analysis of a near-chromosomal genome assembly and transcriptome profiling of the Indian cobra identifies genes expressed in the venom glands. These data should help develop a new antivenom.

Genome sequencing of a scyphozoan and a cubozoan jellyfish sheds light on the genetic basis of jellyfish-specific structures and cell types.

Deracemization is a powerful method which allows transformation of racemic mixtures into excess enantiomer, but was applied only to small chiral molecular systems so far. Here the authors report deracemization of a kinetically stable bisporphyrin helicate upon encapsulation of chiral aromatic guests.

2,2′-bipyridine ligands coordinate to metals to form chiral propeller-like complexes. Now, this chirality is shown to be controlled by the coordination of 2,2′-bipyridine ligands that bear helical oligopeptides, which incorporate chiral amino acids at positions remote from the metal centre. This chirality is further translated, via the metal centre, to other achiral-oligopeptide-containing ligands.

Genome-wide analyses of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging data identify loci associated with right heart structure and function. A polygenic predictor of right ventricular ejection fraction is associated with dilated cardiomyopathy risk.

A member of the vacuolar H⁺-ATPase family, ATP6V0A1 is involved in lysosomal activity. Here, the authors report that ATP6V0A1 variants identified in individuals with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy are associated with impairment of lysosomal acidification, autophagy and mTORC1 signaling, suggesting an essential role of ATP6V0A1 in brain development.

Integrating graphene with existing silicon technologies may pave the way to compact light sources for optoelectronics and photonics. Here, the authors fabricate graphene-based arrays of blackbody emitters integrated on a silicon chip, operating in the near-infrared region at high speed.

De novo mutations significantly contribute to autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Here, the authors demonstrate that ASD-associated de novo mutations in the POGZ gene, one of a high-confidence ASD gene, lead to ASD-related impaired neuronal development and disrupted mature cortical network function.

Circadian clocks are archetypal complex biological systems and so clock research has been at the forefront of developing and exploiting systems biology research approaches. This work has uncovered systems-level properties, such as robustness and periodicity, and provides lessons for other research fields.