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Cheek swabs are widely used in pediatric epigenetic studies, but changes in their cellular composition with age are unclear. Here the authors show that buccal epithelial cells decline with age until adolescence, then stabilize, while variability increases with age, impacting the precision of tools like the PedBE clock in pediatric epigenetics.

Immunogenomic analyses of advanced high-grade serous ovarian cancer samples before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy show that the tumor–immune microenvironment is intrinsically heterogeneous and that chemotherapy induces local immune activation.

Efforts to identify microbial signatures of response to immune checkpoint blockade suggest that strain-level associations may be cancer type agnostic but cancer therapy specific.

The status of immune cells within human pancreatic lymphatic tissues during the onset and progression of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is underexplored. Here, by flow cytometry and CITEseq, the authors profile pancreatic, mesenteric, and splenic lymphatic tissues from individuals with varying clinical statuses and identify tissue-specific immune responses associated with T1D autoimmunity.

Multimodal results (iEEG, fMRI and MEG) of predictions from integrated information theory and global neuronal workspace theory align with some predictions of both theories on visual consciousness, but also critically challenge key tenets of both theories.

Whole-genome sequences and field experiments focusing on the global invasive forage crop, Trifolium repens, show high levels of genetic variation across continents and parallel signatures of selection in five haploblocks.

Observations suggest early twentieth-century human activities, in the form of canal construction, increased groundwater availability in northwest India and Pakistan, in contrast to recent depletion driven by tubewell development and low rainfall.

Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) is a serious complication of metastatic solid tumors with a poor prognosis. Here, by using single-cell RNA sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid, the authors report genomic and immune correlates of response to immunotherapy in two cohorts of patients with LMD treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

In a multicenter, randomized trial, patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction who underwent a regimen of combined endurance and resistance exercise training over the course of 1 year did not show a statistically significant improvement in the modified Packer score—the primary efficacy endpoint—as compared to patients who received usual care, but they did show improvements in secondary endpoints for maximal oxygen consumption and NYHA heart failure class.

Data on the richness and composition of the skin microbiome from 2,349 individual amphibians, representing 205 species across a broad geographic range, is compared with local biotic and abiotic environmental factors.

This study found higher RSV antibody levels were associated with lower RSV risk in children outside the hospital. An earlier rise in incidence and higher incidence rates were observed among children <5 years compared to older children and adults.

Among 17 measures of association tested, measures of proportionality consistently performed well for inference of gene and cellular networks, cell clusters and links to disease from scRNA-seq data. In contrast, several widely used measures of association performed well on only a subset of tasks.

Spatial information in the tumour microenvironment may be exploited to optimise diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. Here, the authors develop a spatial analytics computational and systems pathology platform (SpAn) based on highly multiplexed antibody imaging on colorectal cancer samples to infer emergent network biology and predict 5-year risk of recurrence.

Complete vaccine-mediated immune control of highly pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis is possible if immune effector responses can intercept the infection at its earliest stages.

Increased atmospheric evaporative demand in recent years has increased drought severity by an average of 40% globally across both dry and wet regions, and the trend is likely to continue under future warming scenarios.

Federated learning (FL) algorithms have emerged as a promising solution to train models for healthcare imaging across institutions while preserving privacy. Here, the authors describe the Federated Tumor Segmentation (FeTS) challenge for the decentralised benchmarking of FL algorithms and evaluation of Healthcare AI algorithm generalizability in real-world cancer imaging datasets.

Genome assemblies of 13 domesticated and wild rice relatives reveal salient features of genome evolution across the genus Oryza, especially rapid species diversification and turnover of transposons. This study also releases a complete long-read assembly of IR 8 ‘Miracle Rice’.

Since the 1980s, rapid warming of the Indo-Pacific warm pool has altered global rainfall pattern by changing the residence time of the Madden–Julian Oscillation, decreasing it by 3–4 days over the Indian Ocean and increasing it over the Indo-Pacific by 5–6 days.

In hepatocellular carcinoma driven by non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, aberrant T cell activation and impaired immune surveillance seem to make hepatocellular carcinoma less responsive to anti-PD1 or anti-PDL1 immunotherapy.

How we juggle morally conflicting outcomes during learning remains unknown. Here, by comparing variants of reinforcement learning models, the authors show that participants differ substantially in their preference, with some choosing actions that benefit themselves while others choose actions that prevent harm.

Genomic analyses of localized, non-indolent prostate cancer identify recurrent aberrations that can predict relapse, and also highlight differences between early prostate cancer and metastatic, castration-resistant disease.

Sears and colleagues found that ongoing replication stress pathways and T cell clonal responses differentiate liver and lung recurrence and are associated with different clinical outcomes in the context of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

The third trimester of human gestation is characterised by rapid increases in cortical surface area. Here, authors show that increased rates of cortical expansion are associated with differences in the timing of neurogenesis.

In genome-wide association meta-analysis, it is often difficult to find an independent dataset of sufficient size to replicate associations. Here, the authors have developed MAMBA to calculate the probability of replicability based on consistency between datasets within the meta-analysis.

A global network of researchers was formed to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity; this paper reports 13 genome-wide significant loci and potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection.

Using data from MASH clinical trials, an AI model shows comparable performance with respect to individual pathologists in assessing histologic scoring for enrollment criteria and endpoint evaluation

Bottom-up and top-down approaches are used to quantify global nitrous oxide sources and sinks resulting from both natural and anthropogenic sources, revealing a 30% increase in global human-induced emissions between 1980 and 2016.

Analysis of genomic data from 25 distantly related plant species shows signatures of selection on the same gene families and functions that repeatedly contributed to local adaptation to climate.

Conserved microbiome features across clinical and geographical variations may enable microbiome-based predictions of outcomes in CD19-targeted CAR-T cell immunotherapy

Notch1 mutations have opposing effects on clonal growth in normal and tumor cells of the mouse esophagus. In a mouse model of squamous esophageal tumorigenesis, Notch1 blockade reduced premalignant tumor growth, suggesting that it might be an effective prevention strategy for the disease.

The GLASS Consortium studies the evolutionary trajectories of 222 patients with a diffuse glioma to aid in our understanding of tumour progression and treatment failure

While greater yam provides food and income security for millions of people around the world, there are limited genomic resources available. Here, the authors report a chromosome-scale assembly of the greater yam genome as well as quantitative trait loci associated with anthracnose resistance and tuber traits.

Whether multimorbidity accelerates brain Aβ deposition in humans remains largely unknown. Here, the authors demonstrate that higher self-reported multimorbidity burden predicts increased brain Aβ accumulation rates in the ADNI cohort.

CREBBP mutations in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) are linked to poor prognosis and chemoresistance. Here, the authors show that genetic or pharmacological inactivation of CREBBP sensitizes B-ALL cells to the BCL2 inhibitor Venetoclax, inducing ferroptotic cell death and extending survival in B-ALL preclinical mouse models.

Remotely sensed NDVI data and contemporary field data from 84 grasslands on 6 continents show increasing divergence in aboveground plant biomass between sites in different bioclimatic regions.

Modern human reproductive genes show evidence of adaptive introgression due to gene flow from Neanderthals and Denisovans in the past.

Modifying the polyethylene glycol lipid ratio and phospholipids in the lipid nanoparticle component of nucleoside-modified mRNA–lipid nanoparticle vaccines is shown to have an impact on the elicited cellular and humoral immune responses.

Global spatial data for terrestrial vertebrate and vascular plant diversity, above- and below-ground biomass carbon, and potential clean freshwater volume are combined in a joint optimization study to identify potential synergies for conservation management.

A closed-loop machine learning methodology of optimizing fast-charging protocols for lithium-ion batteries can identify high-lifetime charging protocols accurately and efficiently, considerably reducing the experimental time compared to simpler approaches.

Individuals over eighty years of age are less likely to mount a good immune response against SARS-CoV-2 (measured by neutralization titres) after the first dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, but achieve good neutralization after the second dose.

In this study, Adi Stern and colleagues use full genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 to look at the rate of infections in Israel. They report that social distancing had a significant effect on minimising the rate of transmission, and find evidence for transmission heterogeneity (superspreading events).

A CD8-specific, one-armed antibody positron emission tomography tracer enables the visualization of the immune response in patients with solid tumors before and after starting immunotherapy.