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Electrocatalytic methane chlorination offers a greener route to chloromethane. Here, the authors report a RuO₂-based gas-convection electrode that enhances CH₄ mass transfer, giving higher CH₃Cl yield and faradaic efficiency than conventional gas-diffusion electrodes.

Solid additives are typically used for improving morphology and efficiency in organic solar cells (OSC). Here, the authors present 3-AR, which optimizes the active layer morphology in all-small-molecule OSCs through selective interactions, achieving a PCE of 18.43% (certified 18.16%).

This study presents MAOSS, a multimodal AI model that repurposes non-contrast CT scans and leverages clinical features to detect and stage liver steatosis and fibrosis. Here the authors show MAOSS accurately stratifies cirrhosis progression risk when embedded into the standard clinical workflow, enabling scalable, opportunistic screening for early intervention of steatotic liver disease.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Cell death induced by metal ions is promising for cancer immunotherapy but sometimes limited by effective loading/release into tumor sites. Here this group reports a binary mineral nanoparticles incorporating both Ca2+ and Na+ ions to enhance the cytotoxic effects of ion interference in cancer immunotherapy.

Global Burden of Disease estimates show that between 1990 and 2023, the prevalence and burden of drug use disorders, inclusive of amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opioid use, have been increasing in high-income countries, particularly in the USA.

Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

Cohort-scale integration of clinical and proteomic data from tumor tissues in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma led to the identification of a prognostic risk model for patient stratification as well as biomarkers of response to adjuvant chemotherapy, validated in independent external cohorts.

The 5′ untranslated region is a critical regulatory region of mRNA, influencing gene expression regulation and translation. Chu, Yu and colleagues develop a language model for analysing untranslated regions of mRNA. The model, pretrained on data from diverse species, enhances the prediction of mRNA translation activities and has implications for new vaccine design.

Chronic stress disrupts the brain vasculature and contributes to mood disorders, but mechanisms of resilience remain unclear. Here, the authors show that enriched environments increase astrocytic Fgf2 to prevent stress-induced vascular alterations and depressive behavior with relevance to human depression.

Bennu comprises components of intra- and extra-Solar System origins. The parent bodies of Bennu, Ryugu and CI chondrites likely formed from a shared but heterogeneous reservoir in the outer parts of the solar protoplanetary disk.

Syntaxin-1A, a SNARE protein mediating membrane fusion for neurotransmission, forms clusters with unclear functions. Using light-controlled clustering, the authors found that phase-separation-driven clusters, regulated by Munc18, suppress fusion, revealing a new phase-separation-based mechanism.

In this study, the authors generated iPSC lines from more than 100 sporadic ALS cases, which recapitulated key disease phenotypes and enabled large-scale drug screening, identifying a promising combination therapy of baricitinib, memantine and riluzole.

Mélange rocks are predicted to form at the slab-mantle interface in most subduction zones, but their role in arc magmatism is still debated. Here, the authors show that melting of peridotite hybridized by mélange rocks produces melts that carry the major and trace element abundances of natural arc magmas.

Hanging Coffins were a mortuary tradition practiced in southern China and Southeast Asia. Here, the authors show that different groups of ancient Hanging Coffin practitioners are genetically related, and that they are ancestors of present-day Bo people.

The synthesis of isoreticular (3,12,24)-connected uru metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is reported by the assembly of 12-connected cuboctahedral and 24-connected rhombicuboctahedral supermolecular building blocks. The resulting uru-MOF-1 is a promising candidate for low-temperature methane storage.

It is unclear how early-life urbanicity influences adult neurobehavioral traits. This study reveals that earlier menarche mediates the relationship between early-life urbanicity and adult neurobehavioral traits associated with mental disorders.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

Monoamines act as neuromodulators in the nervous system, but their evolutionary origins are unclear. Here, the authors examine the evolution of genes involved in monoamine production, and processing suggesting that the monoaminergic system evolved in the bilaterian stem-group.

The quark structure of the f₀(980) hadron is still unknown after 50 years of its discovery. Here, the CMS Collaboration reports a measurement of the elliptic flow of the f₀(980) state in proton-lead collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 8.16 TeV, providing strong evidence that the state is an ordinary meson.

The authors show that ECM organization, ROCK signaling and cell polarity interact to promote mesothelium formation to direct lung growth. Frem2 deficiency disrupts these interactions in the mesothelium to inhibit the growth of the lungs in mice and humans.

Congenital infection of SARS-CoV-2 has been described, but the transmission routes remain unclear. Here, the authors report evidence of transplacental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a neonate born to a mother infected in the last trimester and presenting with neurological compromise.

An analysis of genomic, molecular and neuroanatomical traits across extant primates reveals early divergence in visual and olfactory systems of major primate lineages consistent with lineage-specific shifts in diel activity and dietary niche, providing support for a sensory ‘reallocation’ hypothesis.

Studies have suggested amphibole to be a major phase in the lower crust based on trace element geochemistry of volcanic suites, although the formation of these lithologies remains cryptic. Here, the author suggests a reaction-replacement mechanism to explain how this cryptic fractionation may occur.

Investigating cell heterogeneity and type-specific response is essential for improving crop resilience. Here, authors generate single-cell transcriptional landscape of maize roots in response to heat stress and reveal the relationship between the cortex and the heat tolerance.

Genomic sequencing offers a wealth of information that could be analysed with deep neural networks. But despite good performance, neural networks can choose random features for their prediction. Kassani et al. present a method to stabilize the features selected by a DNN to make it more interpretable.

The recent increase in isotopically light sulfur emissions from Campi Flegrei (Italy) is probably the result of degassing magma at ≥6 km depth and could be an indicator of caldera reawakening generally, according to observations and simulations.

Systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study reported that, despite global improvements from 1990 to 2021, dietary iron deficiency-associated disease burden remains high in women, children and residents in low socio-demographic index countries.

Protection afforded by inorganic minerals is assumed to make mineral-associated organic carbon less susceptible to loss under climate change than particulate organic carbon. However, a global study of soil organic carbon from drylands suggests that this is not the case.

Ma, Cao et al. uncover dynamic changes of chromatin reorganization in progenitor B cells during ageing, associated with altered H3K27ac levels and expression of genes that are critical for B cell development.

Adding a promoter to a catalytic reaction can dramatically alter the performance and reactivity of a chemical transformation. By incorporating a Brønsted acid promoter to a photocatalysed reaction, previously unreactive C–H bonds can be functionalized, enabling the discovery of drug molecules.

The functional organisation of the inferotemporal cortex is not well understood. Here, the authors construct a multi-dimensional space of visual features using deep neural networks, and show the spatial organisation of feature preference in both human and monkey inferotemporal cortex.

Modeling analysis from the Global Dietary Database estimated that 70% of new global cases of type 2 diabetes are attributable to suboptimal intake of 11 dietary factors, with substantial differences in dietary risks across world regions and nations.