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Using a random regression model, the study shows there are varying genetic profiles that act on BMI from infancy to adolescence. Change in BMI across childhood is genetically correlated with several adult cardiometabolic traits.

Analysis combining multiple global tree databases reveals that whether a location is invaded by non-native tree species depends on anthropogenic factors, but the severity of the invasion depends on the native species diversity.

The CMS Collaboration reports the measurement of the spin, parity, and charge conjugation properties of all-charm tetraquarks, exotic fleeting particles formed in proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.

Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

The famous nebula Barnard 68 has been used as a giant cosmic-ray detector: cosmic-ray-excited vibrational H₂ emission has been observed by JWST, giving a direct measurement of the CR ionization rate.

Plasmodium sporozoites must invade mosquito salivary glands to facilitate malaria transmission, yet the effects of this invasion are not well understood. Here, the authors use high-resolution proteomics and show that malaria parasite invasion damages mosquito salivary glands, alters saliva protein composition, and attracts immune cells, potentially increasing parasite transmission.

Single-crystal organic semiconductors are potential materials for electronic applications, for example, as field-effect transistors. Here, the authors demonstrate photoconductivity of single-crystal charge-transfer interfaces, suggesting that they may also be used for photonic applications.

The quark structure of the f₀(980) hadron is still unknown after 50 years of its discovery. Here, the CMS Collaboration reports a measurement of the elliptic flow of the f₀(980) state in proton-lead collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 8.16 TeV, providing strong evidence that the state is an ordinary meson.

Veiga-Fernandes and colleagues show that neuroepithelial interactions differentially control type 1 and type 2 enteric immunity via VIP–VIPR1 signaling.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

The three-dimensional structure of all cloud complexes in the solar neighbourhood is revealed, showing a narrow and coherent 2.7-kpc arrangement of dense gas, in disagreement with the Gould Belt model.

CD16a triggers antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity but CD16a shedding dampens its anti-tumor activity. Here the authors develop a monoclonal antibody (F9H4) that prevents CD16a shedding, which synergizes with a tumor cell opsonizing antibody (cetuximab) to elicit natural killer cell-driven immunity.

This article presents a framework to conduct GWAS of longitudinal data where the trait of interest follows a non-linear change over time. The framework is applied to childhood BMI, identifying 13 loci with age-varying genetic effects.

Isoprene emissions are commonly estimated using satellite measurements and model simulations. Here, using eddy covariance, the authors report higher emission rates over the Amazon forest than those estimated with these techniques and a relationship between terrain elevation and isoprene emissions.

Species’ traits and environmental conditions determine the abundance of tree species across the globe. Here, the authors find that dominant tree species are taller and have softer wood compared to rare species and that these trait differences are more strongly associated with temperature than water availability.

Community-based conservation efforts for ecosystems can have manifold effects beyond the direct areas being managed. This study finds that, deep in the Amazon, communities effectively protected an area 36 times larger than the area they were guarding, but also had to bear all of the costs.

Small cell lung cancer cells form functional synapses with glutamatergic neurons, receiving synaptic transmissions and deriving a proliferative advantage from these interactions.

The authors analyse tree responses to an extreme heat and drought event across South America to understand long-term climate resistance. While no more sensitive to this than previous lesser events, forests in drier climates showed the greatest impacts and thus vulnerability to climate extremes.

Engineering a mutant-specific customized base editor precisely corrects a mutation while minimizing bystander edits, leading to substantial phenotypic recovery in mouse models of multisystemic smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome.

Antihydrogen studies are important in testing the fundamental principles of physics but producing antihydrogen in large amounts is challenging. Here the authors demonstrate an efficient and high-precision method for trapping and stacking antihydrogen by using controlled plasma.

Ammonia-oxidising archaea of the phylum Thaumarchaeota are important organisms in the nitrogen cycle. Using 12 new genomes, this study finds evidence that Nitrososphaerales evolution was marked by lateral gene transfer followed by gene duplication.

An analysis of 24,202 critical cases of COVID-19 identifies potentially druggable targets in inflammatory signalling (JAK1), monocyte–macrophage activation and endothelial permeability (PDE4A), immunometabolism (SLC2A5 and AK5), and host factors required for viral entry and replication (TMPRSS2 and RAB2A).

Ni, Wei, Vona and colleagues use human brain organoids to dissect patient AIRIM variants associated with neurodevelopmental features. A subset of variants impaired ribosome production and protein synthesis, and delayed radial glial cell specification.

The CMS Collaboration reports evidence for off-shell Higgs boson contributions in the production of Z boson pairs, and measures the width of the Higgs boson, which is inversely related to its lifetime.

A yeast-based synthetic genomics platform is used to reconstruct and characterize large RNA viruses from synthetic DNA fragments; this technique will facilitate the rapid analysis of RNA viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, during an outbreak.

The most up-to-date combination of results on the properties of the Higgs boson is reported, which indicate that its properties are consistent with the standard model predictions, within the precision achieved to date.

The clonal origins of metastases and the timing of dissemination remains an open question for most cancer types. Using primary and metastatic samples taken from one colorectal cancer patient, Alves et al. use Bayesian phylogenetics to reconstruct the history of metastasis.

Proof-of-concept of a humanised gut-brain axis ex vivo model with physiological coupling of intestinal and blood-brain barrier for mechanistical assessment of butyrate- or fiber-rich diets on the serotonergic system in healthy or diseased states.

A method combining scanning transmission electron microscopy with high-resolution electron energy-loss spectroscopy enables the observation of magnons and their dispersion, and provides a way to examine magnetic inhomogeneities with nanometre spatial resolution.

Human-induced pressure may alter the size structure of animal communities. Here, the authors investigate the impact of land use, non-native species and climatic variables on the body size structure of fish communities and fishery-associated ecosystem services in the Upper Paraná Floodplain.

The current use of immune checkpoint inhibitors without chemotherapy on patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) has not proven useful. Here this group reports a phase 2 NIMBUS trial evaluating the efficacy/safety of nivolumab + low dose ipilimumab in 30 patients with hypermutated HER2-negative MBC.

In this study, the authors describe SANA, a nitroalkene derivative of salicylate, as a potential activator of creatine-dependent energy expenditure and thermogenesis in adipose tissue. Preclinical and clinical data from this paper also suggest that SANA improves glucose homeostasis and promotes weight loss in mice and humans.

Wood density is an important plant trait. Data from 1.1 million forest inventory plots and 10,703 tree species show a latitudinal gradient in wood density, with temperature and soil moisture explaining variation at the global scale and disturbance also having a role at the local level.

How the bones of the skull vault expand to cover the brain is poorly understood. Here, the authors demonstrate that such bones grow through a mechanical feedback mechanism that propagates a wave of differentiation and emergent cell motion.

A host–protist interaction regulates mucosal immunity to promote parasitism which also reduces the risk of inflammatory-driven pathologies of the gut.

Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are used in a variety of cellular therapies, but our ability to support these cells ex vivo remains technically challenging. A new study discovers that inhibiting ferroptosis promotes HSC expansion ex vivo and applies these findings to HSC transplant and gene editing approaches.